tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86536356072368027292024-03-13T00:29:22.939-07:00The Engaged ObserverEverything Under The Sun.Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.comBlogger463125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-59080236793249840212016-06-20T09:27:00.002-07:002016-06-20T09:28:41.508-07:00Why is my Los Angeles Councilman David E. Ryu blocking me on Twitter?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Many months ago my councilman David Ryu blocked me on Twitter? I've called his office many times and no one will speak to me about it. Has this happened to you?
Why are you blocking me Councilman Ryu? I reached out to people in your office and they ignored me:
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Hi <a href="https://twitter.com/NickGreif">@NickGreif</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/EstevanMontemay">@EstevanMontemay</a>! I'm a <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LACD4?src=hash">#LACD4</a> resident, constituent & campaign donor. Why was I blocked by <a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> twitter acct?</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/706173943871205377">March 5, 2016</a></blockquote>
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Here's all the tweets I've sent to you mentioning that I could find. I don't see anything that warrants a your action to block one of your constituents, though since you do not disclose why you banned me I cannot learn what I did wrong.
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<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LACD4?src=hash">#LACD4</a> could use these all over! <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/BikeLA?src=hash">#BikeLA</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/LAMayorsOffice">@LAMayorsOffice</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> <a href="https://t.co/29CzpaJQ6W">https://t.co/29CzpaJQ6W</a></div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/701269371180621824">February 21, 2016</a></blockquote>
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I think <a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> should reply to his constituents on twitter. Do you agree? <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LosAngeles?src=hash">#LosAngeles</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LACD4?src=hash">#LACD4</a> <a href="https://t.co/VFTXqp83VK">https://t.co/VFTXqp83VK</a></div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/696041662984777730">February 6, 2016</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> thanks 4 weekly report. In it you talk about Griffith Park Action Plan but fail to take a position. Will you <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/KeepGriffithWild?src=hash">#KeepGriffithWild</a>?</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/692761263835783169">January 28, 2016</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/LATimesemily">@LATimesemily</a> wait <a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> has a spokesman? Plz ask why he nah reply to tweets or he na know it's bi-directional communication platform?</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/692144439020625920">January 27, 2016</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/LATimesemily">@LATimesemily</a> wait <a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> has a spokesman? Plz ask why he nah reply to tweets or he na know it's bi-directional communication platform?</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/692144439020625920">January 27, 2016</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/StreetsblogLA">@StreetsblogLA</a> yes! <a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> you said you want to hear what people have to say. Now can we hear you pledge to <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/KeepGriffithWild?src=hash">#KeepGriffithWild</a> ?</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/690033180439638017">January 21, 2016</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> @LA_PARKS_GM <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/KeepGriffithWild?src=hash">#KeepGriffithWild</a> NO SHUTTLES on Mt. Hollywood Drive! Yosemite doesn't need a Half Dome shuttle, neither do we!</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/689953867006644224">January 20, 2016</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/PurpleLineExt">@PurpleLineExt</a> a conversation implies that all participates respond to each other. I have yet to see you reply to a single tweet!</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/688423004729020418">January 16, 2016</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> join my family on a morning walk around Hollywood to see the massive <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/homelessness?src=hash">#homelessness</a> problem in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LACD4?src=hash">#LACD4</a> & the glacial crosswalks</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/687689850498121728">January 14, 2016</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/LAPDHollywood">@LAPDHollywood</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/LAMayorsOffice">@LAMayorsOffice</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LACD4?src=hash">#LACD4</a> a <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/homeless?src=hash">#homeless</a> man sleeping on couch on Hollywood Blvd /Courtney ave inches from speeding cars</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/686587215376351234">January 11, 2016</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ericgarcetti">@ericgarcetti</a> quality of life suffers without natural open spaces. <a href="https://t.co/QNvT5VV06N">https://t.co/QNvT5VV06N</a></div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/685996208511258624">January 10, 2016</a></blockquote>
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Water leak in the 1300 block of N. Orange Grove Ave. <a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> help! <a href="https://twitter.com/LADWP">@LADWP</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/drought?src=hash">#drought</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/lacd4?src=hash">#lacd4</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/LAMayorsOffice">@LAMayorsOffice</a> <a href="https://t.co/57qbZ3P0Jz">pic.twitter.com/57qbZ3P0Jz</a></div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/685989733541937152">January 10, 2016</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> I've been trying to get a response for many weeks now. You say you want to hear from <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LACD4?src=hash">#LACD4</a> but you don't reply? <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LosAngeles?src=hash">#LosAngeles</a></div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/679072804608720896">December 21, 2015</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> help, the crosswalk at Curson and Hollywood doesn't respect pedestrians. Waiting forever to cross <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/CD4?src=hash">#CD4</a> <a href="https://t.co/pvDoB1cwlY">pic.twitter.com/pvDoB1cwlY</a></div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/678640262508208128">December 20, 2015</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> Is it reasonable to expect you to respond to your constituents on <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Twitter?src=hash">#Twitter</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Facebook?src=hash">#Facebook</a>? <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/SocialMedia?src=hash">#SocialMedia</a> is a conversation. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LACD4?src=hash">#LACD4</a></div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/672930296363401217">December 5, 2015</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a>, you said you want to hear from <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LACD4?src=hash">#LACD4</a>. Did you see Gretchen's post: <a href="https://t.co/CSghyFP3di">https://t.co/CSghyFP3di</a> Why haven't you written back?</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/672929615032229888">December 5, 2015</a></blockquote>
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Hi <a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a>! Do you read your tweets? You don't seem to ever respond to people on twitter. Why?</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/672910702995116032">December 4, 2015</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> do you stand with Advisory Board & reject <a href="https://twitter.com/LA2024">@LA2024</a> hosting bike events in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/GriffithPark?src=hash">#GriffithPark</a>? <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/KeepGriffithWild?src=hash">#KeepGriffithWild</a> <a href="https://t.co/ZFS3vbzzwb">https://t.co/ZFS3vbzzwb</a></div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/672910274433646592">December 4, 2015</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> I'm a constituent! I voted for you. I support full implementation of <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/MobilityPlan2035?src=hash">#MobilityPlan2035</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/BikeLA?src=hash">#BikeLA</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/WalkLA?src=hash">#WalkLA</a> <a href="https://t.co/n6t0oJm9B4">https://t.co/n6t0oJm9B4</a></div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/671387422882594817">November 30, 2015</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> it would be cool if <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/CD4?src=hash">#CD4</a> cataloged all abandoned / under-utilized city properties so we can start a discussion about using them</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/660115616175550464">October 30, 2015</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> What's the status of abandoned library at 1403 Gardner Street? Could we make community hub, child care, activities for elderly?</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/660114971095777281">October 30, 2015</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/davideryu">@davideryu</a> site looks good.</div>
— Alex de Cordoba (@alexdecordoba) <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/660111765288583168">October 30, 2015</a></blockquote>
<script async="" charset="utf-8" src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script>Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-11781736263543476092015-04-04T05:22:00.001-07:002015-04-04T05:23:06.804-07:00Blood Moon Eclipse Saturday April 4, 2015 458am<iframe src="https://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/16407090614/player/" width="640" height="640" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen oallowfullscreen msallowfullscreen></iframe>
<p>Just happened to be awake and realized there was a Blood Moon outside.</p>
<h2>Blood Moon Eclipse Saturday April 4, 2015 458am</h2>Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-44332722411189002462014-09-22T07:58:00.002-07:002014-09-22T07:59:27.037-07:00How do I send money to a friend using Paypal without them paying fees?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Paypal is an awesome service. With it, you can instantly and securely send money to people and businesses anywhere on Earth. But Paypal has to make money as well. So if you're paying for goods or services, they charge a fee. But you can send money to someone for free if it is money being sent to a friend AND the funds are coming from a bank account, not a credit card.<br />
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As long as your paypal account is linked to a bank account, checking or savings account, that contains enough funds to cover the payment you wish to send, you can send money to someone without fees.<br />
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<b>1.</b> Log into your Paypal account.<br />
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<b>2.</b> Click on the "Send money to a friend" button<br />
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<b>3.</b> Enter the mobile number or email address of your friend and the amount you wish to send to them.<br />
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<i><b>***NOTE This only works for payments sent from someone in the USA to someone in the USA. International payments may not be free. :/</b></i><br />
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The day may come when we'll be able to send money instantly to anyone on Earth with little or no fees for the transfer. This is the promise that Bitcoin hopes to deliver on. Right now, <a href="http://sdiwc.net/digital-library/near-zero-bitcoin-transaction-fees-cannot-last-forever.html">it's not clear if it's sustainable</a>:<br />
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<span style="background-color: #f0f4f6; font-family: 'Droid Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">Under Bitcoin protocol and payment scheme, anyone can send any amount of bitcoins that he owns to anywhere in the world via internet, near instantly for near zero fees. While the popular crypto-currency enjoys low transaction fees, a feature that is highly promoted and is working fine for the current state of the Bitcoin ecosystem, we argue that in an unforeseeable future, zero or infinitesimal transaction fees will not be sustainable. We apply a financial reasoning via depicting the interrelation of fees with mining, securing the network against 51% attacks, scarcity of supplies and the price of bitcoin, which in addition are the essential parameters involved in the problem of setting the right transaction fee in the future that we briefly discuss. -</span><span style="background-color: #f0f4f6; font-family: 'Droid Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><i>Kerem Kaskaloglu</i></span></blockquote>
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so for now, Paypal is a pretty good dealAlexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-32530264819663075692014-09-05T07:51:00.000-07:002014-09-05T07:51:56.607-07:00Ride for Milt, Then Write For Milt. DA Jackie Lacey Needs To Hear From You!<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="427" mozallowfullscreen="" msallowfullscreen="" oallowfullscreen="" src="https://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/15142290452/in/set-72157647232794472/player/" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="640"></iframe>
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On Wednesday I participated in a protest ride to demand justice for Milt Olin, a cyclist who was struck and killed by an LA County Deputy. District Attorney Jackie Lacey was presented with a case recommending prosecution of Deputy Wood, yet she declined to prosecute. Milt was killed while riding in a bike lane on a clear day with perfect visibility. Deputy Wood was texting at the time of the accident, acting in violation of department policy.<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> </span></div>
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Deputy Wood killed Milt on Mulholland Highway, a place I ride regularly for leisure and exercise, along with hundreds of other cyclists. As some of you may know, <a href="http://engagedobserver.blogspot.com/2011/11/checkpoint.html">I was the victim of a hit and run driver</a>, so this issue is very close to my heart. I was overwhelmed with emotions as I arrived at the memorial yesterday, mostly anger and sadness. Simply put, the DA's decision not to prosecute Deputy Wood is a total miscarriage of justice that must be corrected.</div>
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<b>I want to urge you all to write a brief letter to DA Jackie Lacey requesting that she reconsider filing charges against Deputy Wood.</b> </div>
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You can contact DA Lacey via email: <a href="mailto:webmail@da.lacounty.gov" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">webmail@da.lacounty.gov</a></div>
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Snail Mail:</div>
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District Attorney's Office</div>
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County of Los Angeles</div>
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210 West Temple Street, Suite 18000</div>
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Los Angeles, CA 90012-3210</div>
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Or Telephone: <a href="tel:%28213%29%20974-3512" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" value="+12139743512">(213) 974-3512</a><br />
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And even Twitter!: <a href="https://twitter.com/LADAOffice">@LADAOffice</a><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="640" mozallowfullscreen="" msallowfullscreen="" oallowfullscreen="" src="https://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/15119946196/in/set-72157647232794472/player/" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="480"></iframe><br />
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My <a href="http://lymberis.com/">mom</a> wrote a moving letter to DA Lacey, which I believe sums up the issue perfectly.<br />
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<i>District Attorney's Office<br />
County of Los Angeles<br />
210 West Temple Street, Suite 18000<br />
Los Angeles, CA 90012-3210<br />
Telephone: (213) 974-3512 </i></blockquote>
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<i>September 4, 2014</i> </blockquote>
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<i>RE: Your decision to not prosecute Deputy Wood NEEDS TO BE RECONSIDERED </i></blockquote>
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<i>Honorable Jackie Lacey </i></blockquote>
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<i>I am writing as a physician, a biker, member of a family of five devoted bikers. and the mother of my youngest’s son who was almost killed by a hit & run while riding a bike on a clear day just like the day Mr Milt Olin was killed by Deputy Wood. I am urging you to reconsider your decision NOT to prosecute the Deputy. All of us have to be held responsible for our failures in judgement and for violating laws. </i></blockquote>
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<i>It is an outrage to NOT file charges against Deputy Wood on a legal technicality based on an ill conceived exemption. Modern technologies are posing hazards that require special skills and no professional person should be exempted from the consequences of their poor judgement. </i></blockquote>
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<i>While filing charges will not bring back Mr Olin still this was a senseless killing that could & should have been avoided. It is particularly offensive that the killing happened by a professional dedicated to SERVE & PROTECT. </i></blockquote>
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<i>I hope you reconsider</i><br />
<i>Respectfully Yours, </i></blockquote>
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<i>Maria T. Lymberis, MD<br />
Distinguished Life Fellow American Psychiatric Association<br />
Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Honorary<br />
UCLA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE</i></blockquote>
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You can also head over to LACBC's site to see another sample letter:<br />
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<a href="http://la-bike.org/milt-olin">http://la-bike.org/milt-olin</a><br />
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The ride was organized by the <a href="http://la-bike.org/">LA County Bike Coalition</a>, <a href="http://yieldtolife.org/">Yield to Life</a> and the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ghostbikefoundation">Ghost Bike Foundation</a>.</div>
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<a href="http://la-bike.org/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://la-bike.org/</a></div>
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<a href="http://yieldtolife.org/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://yieldtolife.org/</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.facebook.com/ghostbikefoundation" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">https://www.facebook.com/<wbr></wbr>ghostbikefoundation</a></div>
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The family of Milt started a <a href="http://miltolinfoundation.org/">foundation</a> dedicated to eliminating cycling related deaths and injuries:</div>
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<a href="http://miltolinfoundation.org/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://miltolinfoundation.org/</a></div>
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Here's some of the press the event generated:</div>
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<a href="http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-vigil-milton-olin-20140903-story.html" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://www.latimes.com/local/<wbr></wbr>lanow/la-me-ln-vigil-milton-<wbr></wbr>olin-20140903-story.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Cyclists-to-Demand-Charges-Vs-Deputy-Who-Fatally-Struck-Prominent-Lawyer-273822971.html" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://www.nbclosangeles.com/<wbr></wbr>news/local/Cyclists-to-Demand-<wbr></wbr>Charges-Vs-Deputy-Who-Fatally-<wbr></wbr>Struck-Prominent-Lawyer-<wbr></wbr>273822971.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://ktla.com/2014/09/03/cyclists-to-host-vigil-for-ex-napster-exec-struck-killed-by-deputy/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://ktla.com/2014/09/03/<wbr></wbr>cyclists-to-host-vigil-for-ex-<wbr></wbr>napster-exec-struck-killed-by-<wbr></wbr>deputy/</a></div>
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<a href="http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2014/09/03/hundreds-hold-bike-vigil-calling-for-action-in-bicyclist-milt-olins-death/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://losangeles.cbslocal.<wbr></wbr>com/2014/09/03/hundreds-hold-<wbr></wbr>bike-vigil-calling-for-action-<wbr></wbr>in-bicyclist-milt-olins-death/</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20140903/cyclists-hold-ride-vigil-urging-da-to-prosecute-deputy-in-fatal-calabasas-collision?source=topstoriesrot" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://www.dailynews.com/<wbr></wbr>general-news/20140903/<wbr></wbr>cyclists-hold-ride-vigil-<wbr></wbr>urging-da-to-prosecute-deputy-<wbr></wbr>in-fatal-calabasas-collision?<wbr></wbr>source=topstoriesrot</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/deputy-fatally-struck-cycling-ex-napster-exec-won-face-charges-article-1.1927064" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank">http://www.nydailynews.com/<wbr></wbr>news/national/deputy-fatally-<wbr></wbr>struck-cycling-ex-napster-<wbr></wbr>exec-won-face-charges-article-<wbr></wbr>1.1927064</a></div>
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<br />Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-83718137453318766142014-09-02T15:49:00.002-07:002014-09-02T15:49:47.412-07:00Ride for Justice for Milt Olin Wednesday September 3, 2014<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQxW7IKLgp2-mrgjJUlsSxhbrxJOPFZZiHzxhQ5P4GzdC6hOTOEl9CxC2XtN3vQEIKIZHgaR4GjMk1f4rGvSYDifBSQq0IemXtPEhPVT54wvZfmiSq8HWn1CjczbI_cs_Ie0rgVQ5Rm5WZ/s1600/ride-for-justice-milton-olin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQxW7IKLgp2-mrgjJUlsSxhbrxJOPFZZiHzxhQ5P4GzdC6hOTOEl9CxC2XtN3vQEIKIZHgaR4GjMk1f4rGvSYDifBSQq0IemXtPEhPVT54wvZfmiSq8HWn1CjczbI_cs_Ie0rgVQ5Rm5WZ/s1600/ride-for-justice-milton-olin.jpg" /></a></div>
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Tomorrow I'm riding in support of Milt Olin, who was killed by a Los Angeles Deputy who was too busy texting legally to avoid driving into Milt as he rode in the bike lane on Mullholland. Then the District Attorney decided there was no crime worth prosecuting. So long as our society sanctions the legal slaughter of cyclists, you'll find me riding for justice. Join me.<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">Wednesday, September 3, 2014 - 4:00pm - 9:00pm</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">Milt Olin, on the right, with his two sons.Yesterday we learned that the L.A. County District Attorney's Office would not be pressing charges against the sheriff's deputy who struck and killed Milt Olin in Calabasas last December. The sheriff's deputy was typing on his mob</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">ile computer in his patrol car when he struck Olin at 48 miles per hour. Olin, a prominent entertainment attorney and former executive for Napster, was pronounced dead at the scene.<br /><br />The Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition, Yield to Life, and <a data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=145409818962779" href="https://www.facebook.com/ghostbikefoundation" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Ghost Bike Foundation</a> will host a ride and vigil for Milt Olin to call on the D.A. to revisit the investigation and consider pressing charges.<br /><br />When: Wednesday, September 3<br /><br />Schedule of events:<br /><br />4:00 p.m. Meet at crash site (around 22532 Mulholland Hwy, Calabasas, CA 91302)<br />4:15 p.m. Moment of silence<br />4:30 p.m. Start ride<br />6:30 p.m. Leave from the L.A. Zoo parking lot (5333 Zoo Dr, Griffith Park, CA 90027). Other riders can meet up here.<br />7:30-8:00 p.m. Arrive at District Attorney's office (210 W Temple Street, Los Angeles, CA 90012)<br />8:00 p.m. Candlelight vigil<br />The public is invited to join us at the beginning, ride with us, join us for the vigil, or meet us at any point along the way (exact route to be determined).</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;"><br /></span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">The Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition, Yield to Life, and <a data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=145409818962779" href="https://www.facebook.com/ghostbikefoundation" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Ghost Bike Foundation</a> will host a ride and vigil for Milt Olin to call on the D.A. to revisit the investigation and consider pressing charges.</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;"><br /></span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">When: Wednesday, September 3</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;"><br /></span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">Schedule of events:</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;"><br /></span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">4:00 p.m. Meet at crash site (around 22532 Mulholland Hwy, Calabasas, CA 91302)</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">4:15 p.m. Moment of silence</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">4:30 p.m. Start ride</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">6:30 p.m. Leave from the L.A. Zoo parking lot (5333 Zoo Dr, Griffith Park, CA 90027). Other riders can meet up here.</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">7:30-8:00 p.m. Arrive at District Attorney's office (210 W Temple Street, Los Angeles, CA 90012)</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">8:00 p.m. Candlelight vigil</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">The public is invited to join us at the beginning, ride with us, join us for the vigil, or meet us at any point along the way (exact route to be determined).</span></blockquote>
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For more info visit LACBC website: <a href="http://la-bike.org/milt-olin">http://la-bike.org/milt-olin</a><br />
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<br />Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-42069742867859581822014-08-25T09:31:00.000-07:002014-08-25T09:33:31.879-07:00My Brand New Old 1984 Volkswagen Westfalia<div style="text-align: center;">
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I'm the proud owner of a 1984 Volkswagen Westfalia. It has the original 1.9l wasserboxer engine, with a little over 200,000 miles. It's all original, except for a recent repaint. It needs a lot of work including major repairs to the air conditioner which is currently being performed at Tony's in Eagle Rock.</div>
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So far, the car has passed the all important smile test:</div>
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So now the discussion is moving into what modifications I'd like to make. There's lots of directions I could go. It seems now that I own one, I'm seeing Westys everywhere!</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="500" mozallowfullscreen="" msallowfullscreen="" oallowfullscreen="" src="https://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/15032834202/in/photostream/player/" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="500"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="500" mozallowfullscreen="" msallowfullscreen="" oallowfullscreen="" src="https://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/15032834692/in/photostream/player/" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="500"></iframe><br />
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The list of modifications is growing rapidly, and includes:</div>
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<li style="text-align: left;">Engine Swap. VW TDI or Subaru?</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Extra Battery with Solar Panel Charger on Roof</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">15 inch wheels</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Upgraded brakes</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">South African Headlights</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Tow Hitch with bike rack</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Tinted windows</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">New pop up tent</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">New skylight</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">New interior</li>
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What am I missing? What mods have you done to your Westfalia?</div>
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And speaking of new interior, here's a fabric swatch Heather showed me for inspiration. What do you think about this fabric? I kind of dig it! Can I find this pattern or one similar that's suitable for automotive use? Where would I look?</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXCJxugLtK8QUsB43ygTMvkKHBKYx0mV4aSQ_5AxMW2_4YTOREG6NfdEdgAb-ALJMSbkWDdH8bDIufpHe4SoOsl3QGfK9cLrldRGCnmJDDht-OPzqFWqvrNC2hZizIoe6JwvlXOKa8hBgI/s1600/westy+interior.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXCJxugLtK8QUsB43ygTMvkKHBKYx0mV4aSQ_5AxMW2_4YTOREG6NfdEdgAb-ALJMSbkWDdH8bDIufpHe4SoOsl3QGfK9cLrldRGCnmJDDht-OPzqFWqvrNC2hZizIoe6JwvlXOKa8hBgI/s1600/westy+interior.png" height="320" width="245" /></a></div>
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Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-45974055674029309012014-08-20T10:28:00.001-07:002014-08-20T10:37:43.142-07:00Dangerous Sidewalks of Los Angeles | Fountain and Fairfax | Is this sidewalk safe?<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" mozallowfullscreen="" msallowfullscreen="" oallowfullscreen="" src="https://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/14794780738/in/set-72157646612914096/player/" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="640"></iframe>
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For years I've walked along this sidewalk and marveled at how unsafe and unwelcoming it is for pedestrians to navigate, especially with speeding motorists driving in excess of 45mph inches from you.<br />
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I decided to call my local councilmember, Tom Labonge to see what can be done about this. After leaving a message and waiting a few days, I never heard back, so I called again and was put in touch with <b><a href="http://www.tomlabonge.com/contact/">Rick Alatorre</a></b>, Tom's Chief of Staff. Rick said he would send someone out to look at the sidewalk and would report back to me. Rick called me back a few days later and said there's not much of a problem at the location, which seemed shocking. So he said I could take some photos and send them to him and he would be happy to take another look.<br />
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As you can see in the photos, at some points you have less than 20 inches of space to move along the sidewalk. I decided to look up what a normal sidewalk width ought to be.<br />
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According to <a href="http://www.bikewalk.org/pdfs/sopada_fhwa.pdf">Accessible Sidewalks and Street Crossings - an informational guide</a>, published by the <a href="http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/sidewalks/">U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration</a><br />
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<i>The pedestrian zone is the area of the sidewalk corridor that is specifically reserved for pedestrian travel. This area should be free of all obstacles, protruding objects, and any vertical obstructions hazardous to pedestrians, particularly for individuals with vision impairments. The pedestrian zone should be at least 1.8 m-3.0 m (6-10 ft) wide or greater to meet the desired level of service in areas with higher pedestrian volumes. This allows pedestrians to walk side by side or for pedestrians going in the opposite direction to pass each other. The pedestrian zone should never be less than 1.2 m (4 ft), which is the minimum width required for people using a guide dog, crutches, and walkers. Wheelchair users need about 1.5 m (5 ft) to turn around and 1.8 m (6 ft) to pass other wheelchairs.</i></blockquote>
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It would appear that the north sidewalk on Fountain Ave shown in these photos falls well short of the minimum standards, this sidewalk doesn't even provide half the minimum recommended width for a safe and accessible sidewalk.<br />
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I hope Rick and his staff will take another look and hatch a plan to remedy this pronto.<br />
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<br />Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-74999836813828950892014-08-12T18:12:00.001-07:002014-08-12T18:12:28.404-07:00ACTION ALERT! Hyperion Bridge Needs Your Help! Your Voice Creates Walkable Livable Streets in Los Angeles! <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPaVvi3c1eXglB9u0-MVsVL9Mu5iuvozQd1vUVDLXorNTr7Y5vON0MwpSQqCt7TFTaH9VUnaITR8ZfYRfMxWMmQ5zfm1ONEyRZdPwYf12P9Z-vpImPXv1Ab7_OpCNy3ViZ2NjuHuT2MN4/s640/kt2d5nd6rj-d3e8302.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPaVvi3c1eXglB9u0-MVsVL9Mu5iuvozQd1vUVDLXorNTr7Y5vON0MwpSQqCt7TFTaH9VUnaITR8ZfYRfMxWMmQ5zfm1ONEyRZdPwYf12P9Z-vpImPXv1Ab7_OpCNy3ViZ2NjuHuT2MN4/s640/kt2d5nd6rj-d3e8302.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><br /></b>
<b>PLEASE Send this email NOW to ensure that Cyclists, Pedestrians and Drivers can all utilize the Hyperion Bridge of the future.</b><br />
<br />
TO:<br />
tom.labonge@lacity.org,<br />
mayor.garcetti@lacity.org,<br />
councilmember.ofarrell@lacity.org,<br />
deborah.weintraub@lacity.org,<br />
ladot@lacity.org<br />
<br />
BCC:<br />
roadblock@midnightridazz.com<br />
<br />
SUBJECT:<br />
Hyperion Bridge OPTION 3<br />
<br />
Customize this letter:<br />
<br />
Dear All,<br />
<br />
My name is __________. I am a cyclist, pedestrian and driver and I am writing to ask that the historic Hyperion Bridge PLEASE retain BOTH sidewalks, and that it please include buffered bike lanes on both sides of the bridge so that pedestrians and cyclists for generations to come may finally enjoy SAFE convenient access to the LA River bike path, Red Car park (including Councilmember O'Farrell's hard fought bike pedestrian bridge) and all of the amenities of the forth coming Alt 20 plan which invests a billion dollars into the river making it a hugely attractive place for Angelenos to travel to. As of now there are no safe ways to get to and from the river from Silver Lake Echo Park Los Feliz Hollywood KTown and beyond. Creating a livable Hyperion bridge connection will finally accomplish this worthy goal.<br />
<br />
I recognize that option 3 will reduce one travel lane heading downhill into Atwater. This will slow the chronic and dangerous speeding on the bridge to a manageable level and the good news is that the traffic studies commissioned by the Bureau of Engineering even under the worst case scenario, show that traffic will actually improve slightly. THIS IS A WIN WIN for Los Angeles.<br />
<br />
With option 3, the Hyperion Bridge, and all of its historic features, belvederes and pedestrian amenities will survive and be enhanced for generations to come.<br />
<br />
THANK YOU<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
SIGNED ______________</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-16406842561012467042014-06-25T15:30:00.002-07:002014-06-25T15:40:32.481-07:00Supreme Court Digital Privacy Ruling Is A Win For All AmericansWay to go Supreme Court! The police state has been checked, and checked hard! The next time you're stopped by the police they will lack the authority to search the contents of your digital devices. Now I wonder if a lawsuit will be brought that challenges the authority of Border Patrol to search your phone when you enter or exit the country. Baby steps.... See Judge Roberts Opinion below. It's tasty!
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RILEY v. CALIFORNIA</div>
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Nos. 13-132 and 13-212</center>
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ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL OF CALI-FORNIA, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT, DIVISION ONE</div>
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No. 13-132. Argued April 29, 2014-Decided June 25, 2014<a class="sup" href="http://www2.bloomberglaw.com/public/desktop/document/Riley_v_California_No_13132_and_13212_US_June_25_2014_Court_Opini#fn_a0f2d3w9w0" name="fr_a0f2d3w9w0" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top;"> <em class="superscript"><span style="bottom: 5px; font-size: 11px; height: 0px; line-height: 1em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span></em></a></div>
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In No. 13-132, petitioner Riley was stopped for a traffic violation, which eventually led to his arrest on weapons charges. An officer searching Riley incident to the arrest seized a cell phone from Riley's pants pocket. The officer accessed information on the phone and noticed the repeated use of a term associated with a street gang. At the police station two hours later, a detective specializing in gangs further examined the phone's digital contents. Based in part on photographs and videos that the detective found, the State charged Riley in connection with a shooting that had occurred a few weeks earlier and sought an enhanced sentence based on Riley's gang membership. Riley moved to suppress all evidence that the police had obtained from his cell phone. The trial court denied the motion, and Riley was convicted. The California Court of Appeal affirmed.</div>
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In No. 13-212, respondent Wurie was arrested after police observed him participate in an apparent drug sale. At the police station, the officers seized a cell phone from Wurie's person and noticed that the phone was receiving multiple calls from a source identified as "my house" on its external screen. The officers opened the phone, accessed its call log, determined the number associated with the "my house" label, and traced that number to what they suspected was Wurie's apartment. They secured a search warrant and found drugs, a firearm and ammunition, and cash in the ensuing search. Wurie was then charged with drug and firearm offenses. He moved to suppress the evidence obtained from the search of the apartment. The District Court denied the motion, and Wurie was convicted. The First Circuit reversed the denial of the motion to suppress and vacated the relevant convictions.</div>
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<em>Held</em>: The police generally may not, without a warrant, search digital information on a cell phone seized from an individual who has been arrested. Pp. 5-28.</div>
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(a) A warrantless search is reasonable only if it falls within a specific exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement. See Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. ___, ___. The well-established exception at issue here applies when a warrantless search is conducted incident to a lawful arrest.</div>
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Three related precedents govern the extent to which officers may search property found on or near an arrestee. Chimel v. California, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">395 U.S. 752</a>, requires that a search incident to arrest be limited to the area within the arrestee's immediate control, where it is justified by the interests in officer safety and in preventing evidence destruction. In United States v. Robinson, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">414 U.S. 218</a> , the Court applied the <em>Chimel</em> analysis to a search of a cigarette pack found on the arrestee's person. It held that the risks identified in <em>Chimel</em> are present in all custodial arrests, 414 U.S., at 235, even when there is no specific concern about the loss of evidence or the threat to officers in a particular case, <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">id., at 236</a> . The trilogy concludes with<span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="2" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 2" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*2]</span> Arizona v. Gant, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">556 U.S. 332</a> , which permits searches of a car where the arrestee is unsecured and within reaching distance of the passenger compartment, or where it is reasonable to believe that evidence of the crime of arrest might be found in the vehicle, <em></em>id., at 343. Pp. 5-8.</div>
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(b) The Court declines to extend <em>Robinson</em>'s categorical rule to searches of data stored on cell phones. Absent more precise guidance from the founding era, the Court generally determines whether to exempt a given type of search from the warrant requirement "by assessing, on the one hand, the degree to which it intrudes upon an individual's privacy and, on the other, the degree to which it is needed for the promotion of legitimate governmental interests." Wyoming v. Houghton, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">526 U.S. 295</a> , 300. That balance of interests supported the search incident to arrest exception in <em>Robinson</em>. But a search of digital information on a cell phone does not further the government interests identified in <em>Chimel</em>, and implicates substantially greater individual privacy interests than a brief physical search. Pp. 8-22.</div>
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(1) The digital data stored on cell phones does not present either <em>Chimel </em>risk. Pp. 10-15.</div>
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(i) Digital data stored on a cell phone cannot itself be used as a weapon to harm an arresting officer or to effectuate the arrestee's escape. Officers may examine the phone's physical aspects to ensure that it will not be used as a weapon, but the data on the phone can endanger no one. To the extent that a search of cell phone data might warn officers of an impending danger, <em>e.g., </em>that the arrestee's confederates are headed to the scene, such a concern is better addressed through consideration of case-specific exceptions to the warrant requirement, such as exigent circumstances. See, e.g., Warden, Md. Penitentiary v. Hayden, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">387 U.S. 294</a> , 298-299. Pp. 10-12.</div>
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(ii) The United States and California raise concerns about the destruction of evidence, arguing that, even if the cell phone is physically secure, information on the cell phone remains vulnerable to remote wiping and data encryption. As an initial matter, those broad concerns are distinct from <em>Chimel</em>'s focus on a defendant who responds to arrest by trying to conceal or destroy evidence within his reach. The briefing also gives little indication that either problem is prevalent or that the opportunity to perform a search incident to arrest would be an effective solution. And, at least as to remote wiping, law enforcement currently has some technologies of its own for combatting the loss of evidence. Finally, law enforcement's remaining concerns in a particular case might be addressed by responding in a targeted manner to urgent threats of remote wiping, see Missouri v. McNeely, 569 U.S. ___, ___, or by taking action to disable a phone's locking mechanism in order to secure the scene, see Illinois v. McArthur,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">531 U.S. 326</a> , 331-333. Pp. 12-15.</div>
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(2) A conclusion that inspecting the contents of an arrestee's pockets works no substantial additional intrusion on privacy beyond the arrest itself may make sense as applied to physical items, but more substantial privacy interests are at stake when digital data is involved. Pp. 15-22.</div>
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(i) Cell phones differ in both a quantitative and a qualitative sense from other objects <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="3" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 3" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*3]</span> that might be carried on an arrestee's person. Notably, modern cell phones have an immense storage capacity. Before cell phones, a search of a person was limited by physical realities and generally constituted only a narrow intrusion on privacy. But cell phones can store millions of pages of text, thousands of pictures, or hundreds of videos. This has several interrelated privacy consequences. First, a cell phone collects in one place many distinct types of information that reveal much more in combination than any isolated record. Second, the phone's capacity allows even just one type of information to convey far more than previously possible. Third, data on the phone can date back for years. In addition, an element of pervasiveness characterizes cell phones but not physical records. A decade ago officers might have occasionally stumbled across a highly personal item such as a diary, but today many of the more than 90% of American adults who own cell phones keep on their person a digital record of nearly every aspect of their lives. Pp. 17-21.</div>
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(ii) The scope of the privacy interests at stake is further complicated by the fact that the data viewed on many modern cell phones may in fact be stored on a remote server. Thus, a search may extend well beyond papers and effects in the physical proximity of an arrestee, a concern that the United States recognizes but cannot definitively foreclose. Pp. 21-22.</div>
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(c) Fallback options offered by the United States and California are flawed and contravene this Court's general preference to provide clear guidance to law enforcement through categorical rules. See Michigan v. Summers, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">452 U.S. 692</a> , 705, n. 19. One possible rule is to import the<em>Gant </em>standard from the vehicle context and allow a warrantless search of an arrestee's cell phone whenever it is reasonable to believe that the phone contains evidence of the crime of arrest. That proposal is not appropriate in this context, and would prove no practical limit at all when it comes to cell phone searches. Another possible rule is to restrict the scope of a cell phone search to information relevant to the crime, the arrestee's identity, or officer safety. That proposal would again impose few meaningful constraints on officers. Finally, California suggests an analogue rule, under which officers could search cell phone data if they could have obtained the same information from a pre-digital counterpart. That proposal would allow law enforcement to search a broad range of items contained on a phone even though people would be unlikely to carry such a variety of information in physical form, and would launch courts on a difficult line-drawing expedition to determine which digital files are comparable to physical records. Pp. 22-25.</div>
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(d) It is true that this decision will have some impact on the ability of law enforcement to combat crime. But the Court's holding is not that the information on a cell phone is immune from search; it is that a warrant is generally required before a search. The warrant requirement is an important component of the Court's Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="4" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 4" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*4]</span> and warrants may be obtained with increasing efficiency. In addition, although the search incident to arrest exception does not apply to cell phones, the continued availability of the exigent circumstances exception may give law enforcement a justification for a warrantless search in particular cases. Pp. 25-27.</div>
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No. 13-132, reversed and remanded; No. 13-212, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">728 F. 3d 1</a> , affirmed.</div>
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ROBERTS, C. J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which SCALIA,KENNEDY, THOMAS, GINSBURG, BREYER, SOTOMAYOR, and KAGAN, JJ., joined. ALITO, J., filed an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.</div>
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CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS delivered the opinion of the Court.</div>
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These two cases raise a common question: whether the police may, without a warrant, search digital information on a cell phone seized from an individual who has been arrested.</div>
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In the first case, petitioner David Riley was stopped by a police officer for driving with expired registration tags. In the course of the stop, the officer also learned that Riley's license had been suspended. The officer impounded Riley's car, pursuant to department policy, and another officer conducted an inventory search of the car. Riley was arrested for possession of concealed and loaded firearms when that search turned up two handguns under the car's hood. See Cal. Penal Code Ann. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">§§12025(a)(1)</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">12031(a)(1)</a> (West 2009).</div>
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An officer searched Riley incident to the arrest and found items associated with the "Bloods" street gang. He also seized a cell phone from Riley's pants pocket. According to Riley's uncontradicted assertion, the phone was a "smart phone," a cell phone with a broad range of other functions based on advanced computing capability, large storage capacity, and Internet connectivity. The officer accessed information on the phone and noticed that some words (presumably in text messages or a contacts list) were preceded by the letters "CK"-a label that, he believed, stood for "Crip Killers," a slang term for members of the Bloods gang.</div>
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At the police station about two hours after the arrest, a detective specializing in gangs further examined the contents of the phone. The detective testified that he "went through" Riley's phone "looking for evidence, because . . . gang members will often video themselves with guns or take pictures of themselves with the guns." App. in No. 13-132, p. 20. Although there was "a lot of stuff" on the phone, particular files that "caught [the detective's] eye" included videos of young men sparring while someone yelled encouragement using the moniker "Blood." <em></em>Id., at 11-13. The police also found photographs of Riley standing in front of a car they suspected had been involved in a shooting a few weeks earlier.</div>
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Riley was ultimately charged, in connection with that earlier shooting, with firing at an occupied vehicle, assault with a semiautomatic firearm, and attempted murder. The State alleged that Riley had committed those crimes for the benefit of a criminal street gang, an aggravating factor that carries an enhanced sentence. Compare Cal. Penal Code Ann. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">§246</a> (2008) with <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">§186.22(b)(4)</a> (B) (2014). Prior to trial, Riley <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="5" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 5" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*5]</span> moved to suppress all evidence that the police had obtained from his cell phone. He contended that the searches of his phone violated the Fourth Amendment, because they had been performed without a warrant and were not otherwise justified by exigent circumstances. The trial court rejected that argument. App. in No. 13-132, at 24, 26. At Riley's trial, police officers testified about the photographs and videos found on the phone, and some of the photographs were admitted into evidence. Riley was convicted on all three counts and received an enhanced sentence of 15 years to life in prison.</div>
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The California Court of Appeal affirmed. No. D059840 (Cal. App., Feb. 8, 2013), App. to Pet. for Cert. in No. 13-132, pp. 1a-23a. The court relied on the California Supreme Court's decision in People v. Diaz, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">51 Cal. 4th 84</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">244 P. 3d 501</a> (2011), which held that the Fourth Amendment permits a warrantless search of cell phone data incident to an arrest, so long as the cell phone was immediately associated with the arrestee's person. See <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">id., at 93</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">244 P. 3d, at 505-506</a> .</div>
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The California Supreme Court denied Riley's petition for review, App. to Pet. for Cert. in No. 13-132, at 24a, and we granted certiorari, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">571 U.S. ___</a> (2014).</div>
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B</h1>
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In the second case, a police officer performing routine surveillance observed respondent Brima Wurie make an apparent drug sale from a car. Officers subsequently arrested Wurie and took him to the police station. At the station, the officers seized two cell phones from Wurie's person. The one at issue here was a "flip phone," a kind of phone that is flipped open for use and that generally has a smaller range of features than a smart phone. Five to ten minutes after arriving at the station, the officers noticed that the phone was repeatedly receiving calls from a source identified as "my house" on the phone's external screen. A few minutes later, they opened the phone and saw a photograph of a woman and a baby set as the phone's wallpaper. They pressed one button on the phone to access its call log, then another button to determine the phone number associated with the "my house" label. They next used an online phone directory to trace that phone number to an apartment building.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
When the officers went to the building, they saw Wurie's name on a mailbox and observed through a window a woman who resembled the woman in the photograph on Wurie's phone. They secured the apartment while obtaining a search warrant and, upon later executing the warrant, found and seized 215 grams of crack cocaine, marijuana, drug paraphernalia, a firearm and ammunition, and cash.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Wurie was charged with distributing crack cocaine, possessing crack cocaine with intent to distribute, and being a felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition. See <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">18 U.S.C. §922(g)</a> ; <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">21 U.S.C. §841(a)</a> . He moved to suppress the evidence obtained from the search of the apartment, arguing that it was the fruit of an unconstitutional search of his cell phone. The District Court denied the motion. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">612 F. Supp. 2d 104</a> (Mass. 2009). Wurie was convicted on all three counts and sentenced to 262 months in prison.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
A divided panel of the First Circuit reversed the denial of Wurie's motion to suppress and vacated Wurie's convictions for possession <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="6" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 6" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*6]</span> with intent to distribute and possession of a firearm as a felon. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">728 F. 3d 1</a> (2013). The court held that cell phones are distinct from other physical possessions that may be searched incident to arrest without a warrant, because of the amount of personal data cell phones contain and the negligible threat they pose to law enforcement interests. See <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">id., at 8-11</a> .</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
We granted certiorari. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">571 U.S. ___</a> (2014).</div>
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<h1 class="organization" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
II</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Fourth Amendment</a> provides:</div>
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</div>
<blockquote>
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"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="font-size: 11pt;">
</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
As the text makes clear, "the ultimate touchstone of the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Fourth Amendment</a> is 'reasonableness.' " Brigham City v. Stuart, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">547 U.S. 398</a> , 403 (2006). Our cases have determined that "[w]here a search is undertaken by law enforcement officials to discover evidence of criminal wrongdoing, . . . reasonableness generally requires the obtaining of a judicial warrant." Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">515 U.S. 646</a> , 653 (1995). Such a warrant ensures that the inferences to support a search are "drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime." Johnson v. United States, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">333 U.S. 10</a> , 14 (1948). In the absence of a warrant, a search is reasonable only if it falls within a specific exception to the warrant requirement. See Kentucky v. King, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">563 U.S. ___, ___</a> (2011) (slip op., at 5-6).</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The two cases before us concern the reasonableness of a warrantless search incident to a lawful arrest. In 1914, this Court first acknowledged in dictum "the right on the part of the Government, always recognized under English and American law, to search the person of the accused when legally arrested to discover and seize the fruits or evidences of crime." Weeks v. United States, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">232 U.S. 383</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">392</a> . Since that time, it has been well accepted that such a search constitutes an exception to the warrant requirement. Indeed, the label "exception" is something of a misnomer in this context, as warrantless searches incident to arrest occur with far greater frequency than searches conducted pursuant to a warrant. See 3 W. LaFave, Search and Seizure §5.2(b), p. 132, and n. 15 (5th ed. 2012).</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Although the existence of the exception for such searches has been recognized for a century, its scope has been debated for nearly as long. See Arizona v. Gant, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">556 U.S. 332</a> , 350 (2009) (noting the exception's "checkered history"). That debate has focused on the extent to which officers may search property found on or near the arrestee. Three related precedents set forth the rules governing such searches:</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The first, Chimel v. California, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">395 U.S. 752</a> (1969), laid the groundwork for most of the existing search incident to arrest doctrine. Police officers in that case arrested Chimel inside his home and proceeded to search his entire three-bedroom house, including the attic and garage. In particular rooms, they also looked through the contents of drawers. <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Id., at 753-754</a> .</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The Court crafted the following rule for assessing the reasonableness of a search incident to arrest:</div>
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</div>
<blockquote>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
"When an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the arresting officer <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="7" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 7" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*7]</span> to search the person arrested in order to remove any weapons that the latter might seek to use in order to resist arrest or effect his escape. Otherwise, the officer's safety might well be endangered, and the arrest itself frustrated. In addition, it is entirely reasonable for the arresting officer to search for and seize any evidence on the arrestee's person in order to prevent its concealment or destruction. . . . There is ample justification, therefore, for a search of the arrestee's person and the area 'within his immediate control'-construing that phrase to mean the area from within which he might gain possession of a weapon or destructible evidence." <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Id., at 762-763</a> .</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="font-size: 11pt;">
</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The extensive warrantless search of Chimel's home did not fit within this exception, because it was not needed to protect officer safety or to preserve evidence. <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Id., at 763</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">768</a> .</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Four years later, in United States v. Robinson, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">414 U.S. 218</a> (1973), the Court applied the <em>Chimel</em> analysis in the context of a search of the arrestee's person. A police officer had arrested Robinson for driving with a revoked license. The officer conducted a patdown search and felt an object that he could not identify in Robinson's coat pocket. He removed the object, which turned out to be a crumpled cigarette package, and opened it. Inside were 14 capsules of heroin. <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Id., at 220</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">223</a> .</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The Court of Appeals concluded that the search was unreasonable because Robinson was unlikely to have evidence of the crime of arrest on his person, and because it believed that extracting the cigarette package and opening it could not be justified as part of a protective search for weapons. This Court reversed, rejecting the notion that "case-by-case adjudication" was required to determine "whether or not there was present one of the reasons supporting the authority for a search of the person incident to a lawful arrest." <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Id., at 235</a> . As the Court explained, "[t]he authority to search the person incident to a lawful custodial arrest, while based upon the need to disarm and to discover evidence, does not depend on what a court may later decide was the probability in a particular arrest situation that weapons or evidence would in fact be found upon the person of the suspect." <em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Ibid.</a> </em>Instead, a "custodial arrest of a suspect based on probable cause is a reasonable intrusion under the Fourth Amendment; that intrusion being lawful, a search incident to the arrest requires no additional justification." <em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Ibid.</a></em></div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The Court thus concluded that the search of Robinson was reasonable even though there was no concern about the loss of evidence, and the arresting officer had no specific concern that Robinson might be armed. <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Id., at 236</a> . In doing so, the Court did not draw a line between a search of Robinson's person and a further examination of the cigarette pack found during that search. It merely noted that, "[h]aving in the course of a lawful search come upon the crumpled package of cigarettes, [the officer] was entitled to inspect it." <em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Ibid.</a> </em>A few years later, the Court clarified that this exception was limited to "personal property . . . immediately associated with the person of the arrestee." <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="8" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 8" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*8]</span> United States v. Chadwick, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">433 U. S. 1</a> , 15 (1977) (200-pound, locked footlocker could not be searched incident to arrest), abrogated on other grounds by California v. Acevedo,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">500 U. S. 565</a> (1991).</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The search incident to arrest trilogy concludes with <em>Gant</em>, which analyzed searches of an arrestee's vehicle. <em>Gant</em>, like <em>Robinson</em>, recognized that the <em>Chimel</em> concerns for officer safety and evidence preservation underlie the search incident to arrest exception. See <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">556 U.S., at 338</a> . As a result, the Court concluded that <em>Chimel</em> could authorize police to search a vehicle "only when the arrestee is unsecured and within reaching distance of the passenger compartment at the time of the search." <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">556 U.S., at 343</a> <em></em>. <em>Gant</em> added, however, an independent exception for a warrantless search of a vehicle's passenger compartment "when it is 'reasonable to believe evidence relevant to the crime of arrest might be found in the vehicle.' "<em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Ibid.</a> </em>(quoting Thornton v. United States, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">541 U.S. 615</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">632</a> (2004) (SCALIA, J., concurring in judgment)). That exception stems not from<em>Chimel</em>, the Court explained, but from "circumstances unique to the vehicle context." <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">556 U.S., at 343</a> <em>.</em></div>
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<h1 class="organization" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
III</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
These cases require us to decide how the search incident to arrest doctrine applies to modern cell phones, which are now such a pervasive and insistent part of daily life that the proverbial visitor from Mars might conclude they were an important feature of human anatomy. A smart phone of the sort taken from Riley was unheard of ten years ago; a significant majority of American adults now own such phones. See A. Smith, Pew Research Center, Smartphone Ownership-2013 Update (June 5, 2013). Even less sophisticated phones like Wurie's, which have already faded in popularity since Wurie was arrested in 2007, have been around for less than 15 years. Both phones are based on technology nearly inconceivable just a few decades ago, when <em>Chimel</em> and <em>Robinson</em> were decided.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Absent more precise guidance from the founding era, we generally determine whether to exempt a given type of search from the warrant requirement "by assessing, on the one hand, the degree to which it intrudes upon an individual's privacy and, on the other, the degree to which it is needed for the promotion of legitimate governmental interests." Wyoming v. Houghton, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">526 U.S. 295</a> , 300 (1999). Such a balancing of interests supported the search incident to arrest exception in <em>Robinson</em>, and a mechanical application of <em>Robinson</em> might well support the warrantless searches at issue here.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
But while <em>Robinson</em>'s categorical rule strikes the appropriate balance in the context of physical objects, neither of its rationales has much force with respect to digital content on cell phones. On the government interest side, <em>Robinson</em> concluded that the two risks identified in <em>Chimel</em>-harm to officers and destruction of evidence-are present in all custodial arrests. There are no comparable risks when the search is of digital data. In addition, <em>Robinson</em> regarded any privacy interests retained by an individual after arrest as significantly diminished by the fact of the arrest itself. Cell phones, however, place vast quantities of personal information literally in the hands of individuals. A search of the information <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="9" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 9" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*9]</span> on a cell phone bears little resemblance to the type of brief physical search considered in <em>Robinson</em>.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
We therefore decline to extend <em>Robinson</em> to searches of data on cell phones, and hold instead that officers must generally secure a warrant before conducting such a search.</div>
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<h1 class="organization" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
A</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
We first consider each <em>Chimel</em> concern in turn. In doing so, we do not overlook <em>Robinson</em>'s admonition that searches of a person incident to arrest, "while based upon the need to disarm and to discover evidence," are reasonable regardless of "the probability in a particular arrest situation that weapons or evidence would in fact be found." <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">414 U. S., at 235</a> . Rather than requiring the "case-by-case adjudication" that <em>Robinson</em> rejected,<em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">ibid.</a> </em>, we ask instead whether application of the search incident to arrest doctrine to this particular category of effects would "untether the rule from the justifications underlying the <em>Chimel</em> exception," <em>Gant</em>, <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">supra, at 343</a> . See also Knowles v. Iowa, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">525 U.S. 113</a> , 119 (1998) (declining to extend <em>Robinson</em> to the issuance of citations, "a situation where the concern for officer safety is not present to the same extent and the concern for destruction or loss of evidence is not present at all").</div>
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<br />
<h1 class="organization" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
1</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Digital data stored on a cell phone cannot itself be used as a weapon to harm an arresting officer or to effectuate the arrestee's escape. Law enforcement officers remain free to examine the physical aspects of a phone to ensure that it will not be used as a weapon-say, to determine whether there is a razor blade hidden between the phone and its case. Once an officer has secured a phone and eliminated any potential physical threats, however, data on the phone can endanger no one.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Perhaps the same might have been said of the cigarette pack seized from Robinson's pocket. Once an officer gained control of the pack, it was unlikely that Robinson could have accessed the pack's contents. But unknown physical objects may always pose risks, no matter how slight, during the tense atmosphere of a custodial arrest. The officer in <em>Robinson</em> testified that he could not identify the objects in the cigarette pack but knew they were not cigarettes. See <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">414 U.S., at 223</a> , 236, n. 7. Given that, a further search was a reasonable protective measure. No such unknowns exist with respect to digital data. As the First Circuit explained, the officers who searched Wurie's cell phone "knew exactly what they would find therein: data. They also knew that the data could not harm them." <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">728 F. 3d</a> , at 10.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The United States and California both suggest that a search of cell phone data might help ensure officer safety in more indirect ways, for example by alerting officers that confederates of the arrestee are headed to the scene. There is undoubtedly a strong government interest in warning officers about such possibilities, but neither the United States nor California offers evidence to suggest that their concerns are based on actual experience. The proposed consideration would also represent a broadening of <em>Chimel</em>'s concern that an <em>arrestee himself</em> might grab a weapon and use it against an officer "to resist arrest <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="10" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 10" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*10]</span> or effect his escape." <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">395 U.S., at 763</a> . And any such threats from outside the arrest scene do not "lurk[ ] in all custodial arrests." <em>Chadwick</em>, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">433 U.S., at 14-15</a> . Accordingly, the interest in protecting officer safety does not justify dispensing with the warrant requirement across the board. To the extent dangers to arresting officers may be implicated in a particular way in a particular case, they are better addressed through consideration of case-specific exceptions to the warrant requirement, such as the one for exigent circumstances. See, e.g., Warden, Md. Penitentiary v. Hayden, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">387 U.S. 294</a> , 298-299 (1967) ("The Fourth Amendment does not require police officers to delay in the course of an investigation if to do so would gravely endanger their lives or the lives of others.").</div>
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<h1 class="organization" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
2</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The United States and California focus primarily on the second <em>Chimel</em> rationale: preventing the destruction of evidence.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Both Riley and Wurie concede that officers could have seized and secured their cell phones to prevent destruction of evidence while seeking a warrant. See Brief for Petitioner in No. 13-132, p. 20; Brief for Respondent in No. 13-212, p. 41. That is a sensible concession. See Illinois v. McArthur, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">531 U.S. 326</a> , 331-333 (2001); <em>Chadwick</em>, <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">supra, at 13</a> , and n. 8. And once law enforcement officers have secured a cell phone, there is no longer any risk that the arrestee himself will be able to delete incriminating data from the phone.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The United States and California argue that information on a cell phone may nevertheless be vulnerable to two types of evidence destruction unique to digital data-remote wiping and data encryption. Remote wiping occurs when a phone, connected to a wireless network, receives a signal that erases stored data. This can happen when a third party sends a remote signal or when a phone is preprogrammed to delete data upon entering or leaving certain geographic areas (so-called "geofencing"). See Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, R. Ayers, S. Brothers, & W. Jansen, Guidelines on Mobile Device Forensics (Draft) 29, 31 (SP 800-101 Rev. 1, Sept. 2013) (hereinafter Ayers). Encryption is a security feature that some modern cell phones use in addition to password protection. When such phones lock, data becomes protected by sophisticated encryption that renders a phone all but "unbreakable" unless police know the password. Brief for United States as <em>Amicus Curiae</em> in No. 13-132, p. 11.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
As an initial matter, these broader concerns about the loss of evidence are distinct from <em>Chimel</em>'s focus on a defendant who responds to arrest by trying to conceal or destroy evidence within his reach. See <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">395 U.S., at 763-764</a> . With respect to remote wiping, the Government's primary concern turns on the actions of third parties who are not present at the scene of arrest. And data encryption is even further afield. There, the Government focuses on the ordinary operation of a phone's security features, apart from <em>any</em> active attempt by a defendant or his associates to conceal or destroy evidence upon arrest.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
We have also been given little reason to believe that either problem is prevalent. The briefing reveals only a couple of anecdotal examples <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="11" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 11" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*11]</span> of remote wiping triggered by an arrest. See Brief for Association of State Criminal Investigative Agencies et al. as <em>Amici Curiae </em>in No. 13-132, pp. 9-10; see also Tr. of Oral Arg. in No. 13-132, p. 48. Similarly, the opportunities for officers to search a password-protected phone before data becomes encrypted are quite limited. Law enforcement officers are very unlikely to come upon such a phone in an unlocked state because most phones lock at the touch of a button or, as a default, after some very short period of inactivity. See, <em>e.g., </em>iPhone User Guide for iOS 7.1 Software 10 (2014) (default lock after about one minute). This may explain why the encryption argument was not made until the merits stage in this Court, and has never been considered by the Courts of Appeals.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Moreover, in situations in which an arrest might trigger a remote-wipe attempt or an officer discovers an unlocked phone, it is not clear that the ability to conduct a warrantless search would make much of a difference. The need to effect the arrest, secure the scene, and tend to other press-ing matters means that law enforcement officers may well not be able to turn their attention to a cell phone right away. See Tr. of Oral Arg. in No. 13-132, at 50; see also Brief for United States as <em>Amicus Curiae</em> in No. 13-132, at 19. Cell phone data would be vulnerable to remote wiping from the time an individual anticipates arrest to the time any eventual search of the phone is completed, which might be at the station house hours later. Likewise, an officer who seizes a phone in an unlocked state might not be able to begin his search in the short time remaining before the phone locks and data becomes encrypted.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
In any event, as to remote wiping, law enforcement is not without specific means to address the threat. Remote wiping can be fully prevented by disconnecting a phone from the network. There are at least two simple ways to do this: First, law enforcement officers can turn the phone off or remove its battery. Second, if they are concerned about encryption or other potential problems, they can leave a phone powered on and place it in an enclosure that isolates the phone from radio waves. See Ayers 30-31. Such devices are commonly called "Faraday bags," after the English scientist Michael Faraday. They are essentially sandwich bags made of aluminum foil: cheap, lightweight, and easy to use. See Brief for Criminal Law Professors as <em>Amici Curiae</em> 9. They may not be a complete answer to the problem, see Ayers 32, but at least for now they provide a reasonable response. In fact, a number of law enforcement agencies around the country already encourage the use of Faraday bags. See, <em>e.g.,</em>Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders 14, 32 (2d ed. Apr. 2008); Brief for Criminal Law Professors as <em>Amici Curiae</em> 4-6.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
To the extent that law enforcement still has specific concerns about the potential loss of evidence in a particular case, there remain more targeted ways to address those concerns. If "the police are truly confronted with a 'now or never' situation,"-for <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="12" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 12" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*12]</span> example, circumstances suggesting that a defendant's phone will be the target of an imminent remote-wipe attempt-they may be able to rely on exigent circumstances to search the phone immediately. Missouri v. McNeely, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">569 U.S. ___, ___</a> (2013) (slip op., at 10) (quoting Roaden v. Kentucky, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">413 U.S. 496</a> , 505 (1973); some internal quotation marks omitted). Or, if officers happen to seize a phone in an unlocked state, they may be able to disable a phone's automatic-lock feature in order to prevent the phone from locking and encrypting data. See App. to Reply Brief in No. 13-132, p. 3a (diagramming the few necessary steps). Such a preventive measure could be analyzed under the principles set forth in our decision in <em>McArthur</em>,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">531 U.S. 326</a> , which approved officers' reasonable steps to secure a scene to preserve evidence while they awaited a warrant. See <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">id., at 331-333</a> .</div>
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<h1 class="organization" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
B</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The search incident to arrest exception rests not only on the heightened government interests at stake in a volatile arrest situation, but also on an arrestee's reduced privacy interests upon being taken into police custody. <em>Robinson</em> focused primarily on the first of those rationales. But it also quoted with approval then-Judge Cardozo's account of the historical basis for the search incident to arrest exception: "Search of the person becomes lawful when grounds for arrest and accusation have been discovered, and the law is in the act of subjecting the body of the accused to its physical dominion." <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">414 U.S., at 232</a> (quoting People v. Chiagles, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">237 N. Y. 193</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">197</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">142 N. E. 583</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">584</a> (1923)); see also <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">414 U.S., at 237</a>(Powell, J., concurring) ("an individual lawfully subjected to a custodial arrest retains no significant Fourth Amendment interest in the privacy of his person"). Put simply, a patdown of Robinson's cloth-ing and an inspection of the cigarette pack found in his pocket constituted only minor additional intrusions compared to the substantial government authority exercised in taking Robinson into custody. See <em>Chadwick</em>, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">433 U.S., at 16</a> , n. 10 (searches of a person are justified in part by "reduced expectations of privacy caused by the arrest").</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The fact that an arrestee has diminished privacy interests does not mean that the Fourth Amendment falls out of the picture entirely. Not every search "is acceptable solely because a person is in custody." Maryland v. King, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">569 U.S. ___, ___</a> (2013) (slip op., at 26). To the contrary, when "privacy-related concerns are weighty enough" a "search may require a warrant, notwithstanding the diminished expectations of privacy of the arrestee." <em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">Ibid.</a> </em>One such example, of course, is <em>Chimel</em>. <em>Chimel</em> refused to "characteriz[e] the invasion of privacy that results from a top-to-bottom search of a man's house as 'minor.' " <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">395 U.S., at 766-767</a> , n. 12. Because a search of the arrestee's entire house was a substantial invasion beyond the arrest itself, the Court concluded that a warrant was required.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<em>Robinson</em> is the only decision from this Court applying <em>Chimel</em> to a search of the contents of an item found on an arrestee's person. In an earlier case, this Court had approved a search of a zipper bag carried by an arrestee, but the Court analyzed only the validity of the arrest itself. See Draper v. United States, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">358 U.S. 307</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">310-311</a> (1959). Lower courts applying <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="13" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 13" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*13]</span> <em>Robinson</em> and <em>Chimel</em>, however, have approved searches of a variety of personal items carried by an arrestee. See, e.g., United States v. Carrion, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">809 F. 2d 1120</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">1123</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">1128</a> (CA5 1987) (billfold and address book); United States v. Watson, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">669 F. 2d 1374</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">1383-1384</a> (CA11 1982) (wallet); United States v. Lee, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">501 F. 2d 890</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">892</a> (CADC 1974) (purse).</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The United States asserts that a search of all data stored on a cell phone is "materially indistinguishable" from searches of these sorts of physical items. Brief for United States in No. 13-212, p. 26. That is like saying a ride on horseback is materially indistinguishable from a flight to the moon. Both are ways of getting from point A to point B, but little else justifies lumping them together. Modern cell phones, as a category, implicate privacy concerns far beyond those implicated by the search of a cigarette pack, a wallet, or a purse. A conclusion that inspecting the contents of an arrestee's pockets works no substantial additional intrusion on privacy beyond the arrest itself may make sense as applied to physical items, but any extension of that reasoning to digital data has to rest on its own bottom.</div>
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1</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Cell phones differ in both a quantitative and a qualitative sense from other objects that might be kept on an arrestee's person. The term "cell phone" is itself misleading shorthand; many of these devices are in fact minicomputers that also happen to have the capacity to be used as a telephone. They could just as easily be called cameras, video players, rolodexes, calendars, tape recorders, libraries, diaries, albums, televisions, maps, or newspapers.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
One of the most notable distinguishing features of modern cell phones is their immense storage capacity. Before cell phones, a search of a person was limited by physical realities and tended as a general matter to constitute only a narrow intrusion on privacy. See Kerr, Foreword: Accounting for Technological Change, 36 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 403, 404-405 (2013). Most people cannot lug around every piece of mail they have received for the past several months, every picture they have taken, or every book or article they have read-nor would they have any reason to attempt to do so. And if they did, they would have to drag behind them a trunk of the sort held to require a search warrant in <em>Chadwick</em>, <em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">supra</a> </em>, rather than a container the size of the cigarette package in <em>Robinson</em>.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
But the possible intrusion on privacy is not physically limited in the same way when it comes to cell phones. The current top-selling smart phone has a standard capacity of 16 gigabytes (and is available with up to 64 gigabytes). Sixteen gigabytes translates to millions of pages of text, thousands of pictures, or hundreds of videos. See Kerr, <em></em>supra, at 404; Brief for Center for Democracy & Technology et al. as <em>Amici Curiae</em> 7-8. Cell phones couple that capacity with the ability to store many different types of information: Even the most basic phones that sell for less than $20 might hold photographs, picture messages, text messages, Internet browsing history, a calendar, a thousand-entry phone book, and so on. See<em></em>id., at 30; United States v. Flores-Lopez, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">670 F. 3d 803</a> , 806 (CA7 2012). We expect that the gulf between physical practicability and digital capacity will only continue to widen <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="14" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 14" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*14]</span> in the future.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The storage capacity of cell phones has several interrelated consequences for privacy. First, a cell phone collects in one place many distinct types of information-an address, a note, a prescription, a bank statement, a video-that reveal much more in combination than any isolated record. Second, a cell phone's capacity allows even just one type of information to convey far more than previously possible. The sum of an individual's private life can be reconstructed through a thousand photographs labeled with dates, locations, and descriptions; the same cannot be said of a photograph or two of loved ones tucked into a wallet. Third, the data on a phone can date back to the purchase of the phone, or even earlier. A person might carry in his pocket a slip of paper reminding him to call Mr. Jones; he would not carry a record of all his communications with Mr. Jones for the past several months, as would routinely be kept on a phone.<a class="sup" href="http://www2.bloomberglaw.com/public/desktop/document/Riley_v_California_No_13132_and_13212_US_June_25_2014_Court_Opini#fn_a0f2d3x0e3" name="fr_a0f2d3x0e3" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top;"> <em class="superscript"><span style="bottom: 5px; font-size: 11px; height: 0px; line-height: 1em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span></em></a></div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Finally, there is an element of pervasiveness that characterizes cell phones but not physical records. Prior to the digital age, people did not typically carry a cache of sensitive personal information with them as they went about their day. Now it is the person who is not carrying a cell phone, with all that it contains, who is the exception. According to one poll, nearly three-quarters of smart phone users report being within five feet of their phones most of the time, with 12% admitting that they even use their phones in the shower. See Harris Interactive, 2013 Mobile Consumer Habits Study (June 2013). A decade ago police officers searching an arrestee might have occasionally stumbled across a highly personal item such as a diary. See, e.g., United States v. Frankenberry, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">387 F. 2d 337</a> (CA2 1967) (<em>per curiam</em>). But those discoveries were likely to be few and far between. Today, by contrast, it is no exaggeration to say that many of the more than 90% of American adults who own a cell phone keep on their person a digital record of nearly every aspect of their lives-from the mundane to the intimate. See Ontario v. Quon, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">560 U.S. 746</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">760</a> (2010). Allowing the police to scrutinize such records on a routine basis is quite different from allowing them to search a personal item or two in the occasional case.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Although the data stored on a cell phone is distinguished from physical records by quantity alone, certain types of data are also qualitatively different. An Internet search and browsing history, for example, can be found on an Internet-enabled phone and could reveal an individual's private interests or concerns-perhaps a search for certain symptoms of disease, coupled with frequent visits to WebMD. Data on a cell phone can also reveal where a person has been. Historic location information is a stand-ard feature on many smart phones and can reconstruct someone's specific movements down to the minute, not only around town but also within a particular building. See United States v. Jones, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">565 U.S. ___, ___</a>(2012) (SOTOMAYOR, J., concurring) (slip op., at 3) ("GPS monitoring generates a precise, comprehensive record of a person's public movements that reflects a wealth of detail about her familial, political, professional, religious, <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="15" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 15" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*15]</span> and sexual associations.").</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Mobile application software on a cell phone, or "apps," offer a range of tools for managing detailed information about all aspects of a person's life. There are apps for Democratic Party news and Republican Party news; apps for alcohol, drug, and gambling addictions; apps for sharing prayer requests; apps for tracking pregnancy symptoms; apps for planning your budget; apps for every conceivable hobby or pastime; apps for improving your romantic life. There are popular apps for buying or selling just about anything, and the records of such transactions may be accessible on the phone indefinitely. There are over a million apps available in each of the two major app stores; the phrase "there's an app for that" is now part of the popular lexicon. The average smart phone user has installed 33 apps, which together can form a revealing montage of the user's life. See Brief for Electronic Privacy Information Center as <em>Amicus Curiae</em> in No. 13-132, p. 9.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
In 1926, Learned Hand observed (in an opinion later quoted in <em>Chimel</em>) that it is "a totally different thing to search a man's pockets and use against him what they contain, from ransacking his house for everything which may incriminate him." United States v. Kirschenblatt, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">16 F. 2d 202</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">203</a>(CA2). If his pockets contain a cell phone, however, that is no longer true. Indeed, a cell phone search would typically expose to the government far <em>more</em> than the most exhaustive search of a house: A phone not only contains in digital form many sensitive records previ-ously found in the home; it also contains a broad array of private information never found in a home in any form-unless the phone is.</div>
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<h1 class="organization" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
2</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
To further complicate the scope of the privacy interests at stake, the data a user views on many modern cell phones may not in fact be stored on the device itself. Treating a cell phone as a container whose contents may be searched incident to an arrest is a bit strained as an initial matter. See New York v. Belton, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">453 U.S. 454</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">460</a> , n. 4 (1981) (describing a "container" as "any object capable of holding another object"). But the analogy crumbles entirely when a cell phone is used to access data located elsewhere, at the tap of a screen. That is what cell phones, with increasing frequency, are designed to do by taking advantage of "cloud computing." Cloud computing is the capacity of Internet-connected devices to display data stored on remote servers rather than on the device itself. Cell phone users often may not know whether particular information is stored on the device or in the cloud, and it generally makes little difference. See Brief for Electronic Privacy Information Center in No. 13-132, at 12-14, 20. Moreover, the same type of data may be stored locally on the device for one user and in the cloud for another.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The United States concedes that the search incident to arrest exception may not be stretched to cover a search of files accessed remotely-that is, a search of files stored in the cloud. See Brief for United States in No. 13-212, at 43-44. Such a search would be like finding a key in a suspect's pocket and arguing that it allowed law enforcement to unlock and search a house. But officers searching <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="16" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 16" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*16]</span> a phone's data would not typically know whether the information they are viewing was stored locally at the time of the arrest or has been pulled from the cloud.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Although the Government recognizes the problem, its proposed solutions are unclear. It suggests that officers could disconnect a phone from the network before searching the device-the very solution whose feasibility it contested with respect to the threat of remote wiping. Compare Tr. of Oral Arg. in No. 13-132, at 50-51, with Tr. of Oral Arg. in No. 13-212, pp. 13-14. Alternatively, the Government proposes that law enforcement agencies "develop protocols to address" concerns raised by cloud computing. Reply Brief in No. 13-212, pp. 14-15. Probably a good idea, but the Founders did not fight a revolution to gain the right to government agency protocols. The possibility that a search might extend well beyond papers and effects in the physical proximity of an arrestee is yet another reason that the privacy interests here dwarf those in <em>Robinson</em>.</div>
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<h1 class="organization" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
C</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Apart from their arguments for a direct extension of <em>Robinson</em>, the United States and California offer various fallback options for permitting warrantless cell phone searches under certain circumstances. Each of the proposals is flawed and contravenes our general preference to provide clear guidance to law enforcement through categorical rules. "[I]f police are to have workable rules, the balancing of the competing interests . . . 'must in large part be done on a categorical basis-not in an ad hoc, case-by-case fashion by individual police officers.' " Michigan v. Summers, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">452 U.S. 692</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">705</a> , n. 19 (1981) (quoting Dunaway v. New York, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">442 U.S. 200</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">219-220</a> (1979) (White, J., concurring)).</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The United States first proposes that the <em>Gant</em> standard be imported from the vehicle context, allowing a warrantless search of an arrestee's cell phone whenever it is reasonable to believe that the phone contains evidence of the crime of arrest. But <em>Gant</em> relied on "circumstances unique to the vehicle context" to endorse a search solely for the purpose of gathering evidence. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">556 U.S., at 343</a> . JUSTICE SCALIA's <em>Thornton</em> opinion, on which <em>Gant</em> was based, explained that those unique circumstances are "a reduced expectation of privacy" and "heightened law enforcement needs" when it comes to motor vehicles. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">541 U.S., at 631</a> ; see also Wyoming v. Houghton, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">526 U.S., at 303-304</a> . For reasons that we have explained, cell phone searches bear neither of those characteristics.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
At any rate, a <em>Gant</em> standard would prove no practical limit at all when it comes to cell phone searches. In the vehicle context, <em>Gant</em> generally protects against searches for evidence of past crimes. See 3 W. LaFave, Search and Seizure §7.1(d), at 709, and n. 191. In the cell phone context, however, it is reasonable to expect that incriminating information will be found on a phone regardless of when the crime occurred. Similarly, in the vehicle context <em>Gant</em> restricts broad searches resulting from minor crimes such as traffic violations. See <em>id.,</em> §7.1(d), at 713, and n. 204. That would not necessarily be true for cell phones. It would be a particularly inexperienced or unimaginative law enforcement officer who could not come<span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="17" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 17" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*17]</span> up with several reasons to suppose evidence of just about any crime could be found on a cell phone. Even an individual pulled over for something as basic as speeding might well have locational data dispositive of guilt on his phone. An individual pulled over for reckless driving might have evidence on the phone that shows whether he was texting while driving. The sources of potential pertinent information are virtually unlimited, so applying the <em>Gant</em> standard to cell phones would in effect give "police officers unbridled discretion to rummage at will among a person's private effects." <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">556 U.S., at 345</a> .</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The United States also proposes a rule that would restrict the scope of a cell phone search to those areas of the phone where an officer reasonably believes that infor-mation relevant to the crime, the arrestee's identity, or officer safety will be discovered. See Brief for United States in No. 13-212, at 51-53. This approach would again impose few meaningful constraints on officers. The proposed categories would sweep in a great deal of information, and officers would not always be able to discern in advance what information would be found where.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
We also reject the United States' final suggestion that officers should always be able to search a phone's call log, as they did in Wurie's case. The Government relies on Smith v. Maryland, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">442 U.S. 735</a> (1979), which held that no warrant was required to use a pen register at telephone company premises to identify numbers dialed by a particular caller. The Court in that case, however, concluded that the use of a pen register was not a "search" at all under the Fourth Amendment. See <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">id., at 745-746</a> . There is no dispute here that the officers engaged in a search of Wurie's cell phone. Moreover, call logs typically contain more than just phone numbers; they include any identifying information that an individual might add, such as the label "my house" in Wurie's case.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Finally, at oral argument California suggested a different limiting principle, under which officers could search cell phone data if they could have obtained the same information from a pre-digital counterpart. See Tr. of Oral Arg. in No. 13-132, at 38-43; see also <em>Flores-Lopez</em>, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">670 F. 3d, at 807</a> ("If police are entitled to open a pocket diary to copy the owner's address, they should be entitled to turn on a cell phone to learn its number."). But the fact that a search in the pre-digital era could have turned up a photograph or two in a wallet does not justify a search of thousands of photos in a digital gallery. The fact that someone could have tucked a paper bank statement in a pocket does not justify a search of every bank statement from the last five years. And to make matters worse, such an analogue test would allow law enforcement to search a range of items contained on a phone, even though people would be unlikely to carry such a variety of information in physical form. In Riley's case, for example, it is implausible that he would have strolled around with video tapes, photo albums, and an address book all crammed into his pockets. But because each of those items has a pre-digital analogue, police <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="18" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 18" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*18]</span> under California's proposal would be able to search a phone for all of those items-a significant diminution of privacy.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
In addition, an analogue test would launch courts on a difficult line-drawing expedition to determine which digital files are comparable to physical records. Is an e-mail equivalent to a letter? Is a voicemail equivalent to a phone message slip? It is not clear how officers could make these kinds of decisions before conducting a search, or how courts would apply the proposed rule after the fact. An analogue test would "keep defendants and judges guessing for years to come." Sykes v. United States, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">564 U.S. 1</a> , ___ (2011) (SCALIA, J., dissenting) (slip op., at 7) (discussing the Court's analogue test under the Armed Career Criminal Act).</div>
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IV</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
We cannot deny that our decision today will have an impact on the ability of law enforcement to combat crime. Cell phones have become important tools in facilitating coordination and communication among members of criminal enterprises, and can provide valuable incriminating information about dangerous criminals. Privacy comes at a cost.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Our holding, of course, is not that the information on a cell phone is immune from search; it is instead that a warrant is generally required before such a search, even when a cell phone is seized incident to arrest. Our cases have historically recognized that the warrant requirement is "an important working part of our machinery of gov-ernment," not merely "an inconvenience to be somehow 'weighed' against the claims of police efficiency." Coolidge v. New Hampshire, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">403 U.S. 443</a> , 481 (1971). Recent technological advances similar to those discussed here have, in addition, made the process of obtaining a warrant itself more efficient. See <em>McNeely</em>, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">569 U.S., at ___</a> (slip op., at 11-12); <em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">id</a> .,</em> at ___ (ROBERTS, C. J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (slip op., at 8) (describing jurisdiction where "police officers can e-mail warrant requests to judges' iPads [and] judges have signed such warrants and e-mailed them back to officers in less than 15 minutes").</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Moreover, even though the search incident to arrest exception does not apply to cell phones, other case-specific exceptions may still justify a warrantless search of a particular phone. "One well-recognized exception applies when ' "the exigencies of the situation" make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that [a] warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.' " Kentucky v. King, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">563 U.S., at ___</a> (slip op., at 6) (quoting Mincey v. Arizona, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">437 U.S. 385</a> , 394 (1978)). Such exigencies could include the need to prevent the imminent destruction of evidence in individual cases, to pursue a fleeing suspect, and to assist persons who are seriously injured or are threatened with imminent injury. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">563 U.S., at ___</a> . In <em>Chadwick</em>, for example, the Court held that the exception for searches incident to arrest did not justify a search of the trunk at issue, but noted that "if officers have reason to believe that luggage contains some immediately dangerous instrumentality, such as explosives, it would be foolhardy to transport it to the station house without opening the luggage." <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">433 U.S., at 15</a> , n. 9.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
In light of the availability of the exigent <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="19" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 19" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*19]</span> circumstances exception, there is no reason to believe that law enforcement officers will not be able to address some of the more extreme hypotheticals that have been suggested: a suspect texting an accomplice who, it is feared, is preparing to detonate a bomb, or a child abductor who may have information about the child's location on his cell phone. The defendants here recognize-indeed, they stress-that such fact-specific threats may justify a warrantless search of cell phone data. See Reply Brief in No. 13-132, at 8-9; Brief for Respondent in No. 13-212, at 30, 41. The critical point is that, unlike the search incident to arrest exception, the exigent circumstances exception requires a court to examine whether an emergency justified a warrantless search in each particular case. See <em>McNeely</em>, <em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">supra</a> </em>, at ___ (slip op., at 6).<a class="sup" href="http://www2.bloomberglaw.com/public/desktop/document/Riley_v_California_No_13132_and_13212_US_June_25_2014_Court_Opini#fn_a0f2d3x0g6" name="fr_a0f2d3x0g6" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top;"> <em class="superscript"><span style="bottom: 5px; font-size: 11px; height: 0px; line-height: 1em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></em></a></div>
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* * *</h1>
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Our cases have recognized that the Fourth Amendment was the founding generation's response to the reviled "general warrants" and "writs of assistance" of the colonial era, which allowed British officers to rummage through homes in an unrestrained search for evidence of criminal activity. Opposition to such searches was in fact one of the driving forces behind the Revolution itself. In 1761, the patriot James Otis delivered a speech in Boston denouncing the use of writs of assistance. A young John Adams was there, and he would later write that "[e]very man of a crowded audience appeared to me to go away, as I did, ready to take arms against writs of assistance." 10 Works of John Adams 247-248 (C. Adams ed. 1856). According to Adams, Otis's speech was "the first scene of the first act of opposition to the arbitrary claims of Great Britain. Then and there the child Independence was born." <em></em>Id., at 248 (quoted in Boyd v. United States, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">116 U.S. 616</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">625</a> (1886)).</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Modern cell phones are not just another technological convenience. With all they contain and all they may reveal, they hold for many Americans "the privacies of life," <em>Boyd</em>, <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">supra, at 630</a> . The fact that technology now allows an individual to carry such information in his hand does not make the information any less worthy of the protection for which the Founders fought. Our answer to the question of what police must do before searching a cell phone seized incident to an arrest is accordingly simple-get a warrant.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
We reverse the judgment of the California Court of Appeal in No. 13-132 and remand the case for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. We affirm the judgment of the First Circuit in No. 13-212.</div>
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It is so ordered.</h1>
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JUSTICE ALITO, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.</div>
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I agree with the Court that law enforcement officers, in conducting a lawful search incident to arrest, must generally obtain a warrant before searching information stored or accessible on a cell phone. I write separately to address two points.</div>
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I</h1>
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A</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
First, I am not convinced at this time that the ancient rule on searches incident to arrest is based exclusively (or even primarily) on the need to protect the safety of arresting officers and the need to prevent the destruction of evidence. Cf. <em>ante</em>, at 9. This rule antedates the adoption <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="20" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 20" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*20]</span> of the Fourth Amendment by at least a century. See T. Clancy, The Fourth Amendment: Its History and Interpretation 340 (2008); T. Taylor, Two Studies in Constitutional Interpretation 28 (1969); Amar, Fourth Amendment First Principles, 107 Harv. L. Rev. 757, 764 (1994). In Weeks v. United States, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">232 U.S. 383</a> , 392 (1914), we held that the Fourth Amendment did not disturb this rule. See also Taylor, <em></em>supra, at 45; Stuntz, The Substantive Origins of Criminal Procedure, 105 Yale L. J. 393, 401 (1995) ("The power to search incident to arrest-a search of the arrested suspect's person . . .-was well established in the mid-eighteenth century, and nothing in . . . the Fourth Amendment changed that"). And neither in<em>Weeks</em> nor in any of the authorities discussing the old common-law rule have I found any suggestion that it was based exclusively or primarily on the need to protect arresting officers or to prevent the destruction of evidence.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
On the contrary, when pre-<em>Weeks</em> authorities discussed the basis for the rule, what was mentioned was the need to obtain probative evidence. For example, an 1839 case stated that "it is clear, and beyond doubt, that . . . constables . . . are entitled, upon a lawful arrest by them of one charged with treason or felony, to take and detain property found in his possession which will form material evidence in his prosecution for that crime." See Dillon v. O'Brien, 16 Cox Crim. Cas. 245, 249-251 (1887) (citing <em>Regina</em>, v. <em>Frost</em>, 9 Car. & P. 129, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">173 Eng. Rep. 771</a> )). The court noted that the origins of that rule "deriv[e] from the interest which the State has in a person guilty (or reasonably believed to be guilty) of a crime being brought to justice, and in a prosecution, once commenced, being determined in due course of law." 16 Cox Crim. Cas., at 249-250. See also Holker v. Hennessey, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">141 Mo. 527</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">537-540</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">42 S. W. 1090</a> , 1093 (1897).</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Two 19th-century treatises that this Court has previously cited in connection with the origin of the searchincident-to-arrest rule, see <em>Weeks</em>, <em></em>supra, at 392, suggest the same rationale. See F. Wharton, Criminal Pleading and Practice §60, p. 45 (8th ed. 1880) ("Those arresting a defendant are bound to take from his person any articles which may be of use as proof in the trial of the offense with which the defendant is charged"); J. Bishop, Criminal Procedure §§210-212, p. 127 (2d ed. 1872) (if an arresting officer finds "about the prisoner's person, or otherwise in his possession, either goods or moneys which there is reason to believe are connected with the supposed crime as its fruits, or as the instruments with which it was committed, or as directly furnishing evidence relating to the transaction, he may take the same, and hold them to be disposed of as the court may direct").</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
What ultimately convinces me that the rule is not closely linked to the need for officer safety and evidence preservation is that these rationales fail to explain the rule's well-recognized scope. It has long been accepted that written items found on the person of an arrestee may be examined and used at trial.<a class="sup" href="http://www2.bloomberglaw.com/public/desktop/document/Riley_v_California_No_13132_and_13212_US_June_25_2014_Court_Opini#fn_a0f2d3x0j4" name="fr_a0f2d3x0j4" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top;"> <em class="superscript"><span style="bottom: 5px; font-size: 11px; height: 0px; line-height: 1em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">*</span></em> </a>But once these items are taken away from an arrestee (something that obviously must be done before the items are read), there is no risk that the arrestee will destroy them. Nor is there any risk that leaving <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="21" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 21" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*21]</span> these items unread will endanger the arresting officers.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The idea that officer safety and the preservation of evidence are the sole reasons for allowing a warrantless search incident to arrest appears to derive from the Court's reasoning in Chimel v. California, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">395 U.S. 752</a> (1969), a case that involved the lawfulness of a search of the scene of an arrest, not the person of an arrestee. As I have explained, <em>Chimel</em>'s reasoning is questionable, see Arizona v. Gant, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">556 U.S. 332</a> , 361-363 (2009) (ALITO, J., dissenting), and I think it is a mistake to allow that reasoning to affect cases like these that concern the search of the person of arrestees.</div>
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B</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Despite my view on the point discussed above, I agree that we should not mechanically apply the rule used in the predigital era to the search of a cell phone. Many cell phones now in use are capable of storing and accessing a quantity of information, some highly personal, that no person would ever have had on his person in hard-copy form. This calls for a new balancing of law enforcement and privacy interests.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The Court strikes this balance in favor of privacy interests with respect to all cell phones and all information found in them, and this approach leads to anomalies. For example, the Court's broad holding favors information in digital form over information in hard-copy form. Suppose that two suspects are arrested. Suspect number one has in his pocket a monthly bill for his land-line phone, and the bill lists an incriminating call to a long-distance number. He also has in his a wallet a few snapshots, and one of these is incriminating. Suspect number two has in his pocket a cell phone, the call log of which shows a call to the same incriminating number. In addition, a number of photos are stored in the memory of the cell phone, and one of these is incriminating. Under established law, the police may seize and examine the phone bill and the snapshots in the wallet without obtaining a warrant, but under the Court's holding today, the information stored in the cell phone is out.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
While the Court's approach leads to anomalies, I do not see a workable alternative. Law enforcement officers need clear rules regarding searches incident to arrest, and it would take many cases and many years for the courts to develop more nuanced rules. And during that time, the nature of the electronic devices that ordinary Americans carry on their persons would continue to change.</div>
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II</h1>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
This brings me to my second point. While I agree with the holding of the Court, I would reconsider the question presented here if either Congress or state legislatures, after assessing the legitimate needs of law enforcement and the privacy interests of cell phone owners, enact legislation that draws reasonable distinctions based on categories of information or perhaps other variables.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
The regulation of electronic surveillance provides an instructive example. After this Court held that electronic surveillance constitutes a search even when no property interest is invaded, see Katz v. United States, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">389 U.S. 347</a> , <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">353-359</a> (1967), Congress responded by enacting Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">82 Stat. 211</a> . See <span class="page_no" data-cite-pageno="22" data-cite-type="Bloomberg" data-cite="2014 bl 175779 p 22" data-primary-citation="" style="font-weight: bold;">[*22]</span> also <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">18 U.S.C. §2510</a> <em>et seq</em>. Since that time, electronic surveillance has been governed primarily, not by decisions of this Court, but by the stat-ute, which authorizes but imposes detailed restrictions on electronic surveillance. See <em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">ibid</a> .</em></div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Modern cell phones are of great value for both lawful and unlawful purposes. They can be used in committing many serious crimes, and they present new and difficult law enforcement problems. See Brief for United States in No. 13-212, pp. 2-3. At the same time, because of the role that these devices have come to play in contemporary life, searching their contents implicates very sensitive privacy interests that this Court is poorly positioned to understand and evaluate. Many forms of modern technology are making it easier and easier for both government and private entities to amass a wealth of information about the lives of ordinary Americans, and at the same time, many ordinary Americans are choosing to make public much information that was seldom revealed to outsiders just a few decades ago.</div>
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
In light of these developments, it would be very unfortunate if privacy protection in the 21st century were left primarily to the federal courts using the blunt instrument of the Fourth Amendment. Legislatures, elected by the people, are in a better position than we are to assess and respond to the changes that have already occurred and those that almost certainly will take place in the future.</div>
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<tr align="left" valign="top"><td align="left" style="font-size: 11pt;" valign="top"><a class="sup1" href="http://www2.bloomberglaw.com/public/desktop/document/Riley_v_California_No_13132_and_13212_US_June_25_2014_Court_Opini#fr_a0f2d3w9w0" name="fn_a0f2d3w9w0" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top;">fn</a></td><td align="left" style="font-size: 11pt;" valign="top"><small style="font-size: 14px;"></small><br />
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<small style="font-size: 14px;">1</small></div>
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<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
Together with No. 13-212, United States v. Wurie, on certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.</div>
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<tr align="left" valign="top"><td align="left" style="font-size: 11pt;" valign="top"><a class="sup1" href="http://www2.bloomberglaw.com/public/desktop/document/Riley_v_California_No_13132_and_13212_US_June_25_2014_Court_Opini#fr_a0f2d3x0e3" name="fn_a0f2d3x0e3" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top;">fn</a></td><td align="left" style="font-size: 11pt;" valign="top"><small style="font-size: 14px;"></small><br />
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<small style="font-size: 14px;">1</small></div>
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Because the United States and California agree that these cases involve <em>searches</em> incident to arrest, these cases do not implicate the question whether the collection or inspection of aggregated digital information amounts to a search under other circumstances.</div>
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<tr align="left" valign="top"><td align="left" style="font-size: 11pt;" valign="top"><a class="sup1" href="http://www2.bloomberglaw.com/public/desktop/document/Riley_v_California_No_13132_and_13212_US_June_25_2014_Court_Opini#fr_a0f2d3x0g6" name="fn_a0f2d3x0g6" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top;">fn</a></td><td align="left" style="font-size: 11pt;" valign="top"><small style="font-size: 14px;"></small><br />
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<small style="font-size: 14px;">2</small></div>
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<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
In Wurie's case, for example, the dissenting First Circuit judge argued that exigent circumstances could have justified a search of Wurie's phone. See <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">728 F. 3d 1</a> , 17 (2013) (opinion of Howard, J.) (discussing the repeated unanswered calls from "my house," the suspected location of a drug stash). But the majority concluded that the Government had not made an exigent circumstances argument. See <em></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">id., at 1</a> . The Government acknowledges the same in this Court. See Brief for United States in No. 13-212, p. 28, n. 8.</div>
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<tr align="left" valign="top"><td align="left" style="font-size: 11pt;" valign="top"><a class="sup1" href="http://www2.bloomberglaw.com/public/desktop/document/Riley_v_California_No_13132_and_13212_US_June_25_2014_Court_Opini#fr_a0f2d3x0j4" name="fn_a0f2d3x0j4" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top;">fn</a></td><td align="left" style="font-size: 11pt;" valign="top"><small style="font-size: 14px;"></small><br />
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
<small style="font-size: 14px;">*</small></div>
<small style="font-size: 14px;">
<div align="" class="level" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt;">
* Cf. Hill v. California, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">401 U. S. 797</a> , 799-802, and n. 1 (1971) (diary); Marron v. United States, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">275 U. S. 192</a> , 193, 198-199 (1927) (ledger and bills); Gouled v. United States, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">255 U. S. 298</a> , 309 (1921), overruled on other grounds, Warden, Md. Penitentiary v. Hayden, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">387 U. S. 294</a> , 300-301 (1967) (papers); see United States v. Rodriguez, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">995 F. 2d 776</a> , 778 (CA7 1993) (address book); United States v. Armendariz-Mata, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">949 F. 2d 151</a> , 153 (CA5 1991) (notebook); United States v. Molinaro, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">877 F. 2d 1341</a> (CA7 1989) (wallet); United States v. Richardson, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">764 F. 2d 1514</a> , 1527 (CA11 1985) (wallet and papers); United States v. Watson, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">669 F. 2d 1374</a> , 1383-1384 (CA11 1982) (documents found in a wallet); United States v. Castro, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">596 F. 2d 674</a> , 677 (CA5 1979), cert. denied, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">444 U. S. 963</a> (1979) (paper found in a pocket); United States v. Jeffers, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">520 F. 2d 1256</a> , 1267-1268 (CA7 1975) (three notebooks and meeting minutes); Bozel v. Hudspeth, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">126 F. 2d 585</a> , 587 (CA10 1942) (papers, circulars, advertising matter, "memoranda containing various names and addresses"); United States v. Park Avenue Pharmacy, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #660066; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700;">56 F. 2d 753</a> , 755 (CA2 1932) ("numerous prescriptions blanks" and a check book). See also 3 W. LaFave, Search and Seizure §5.2(c), p. 144 (5th ed. 2012) ("Lower courts, in applying Robinson, have deemed evidentiary searches of an arrested person to be virtually unlimited"); W. Cuddihy, Fourth Amendment: Origins and Original Meaning 847-848 (1990) (in the pre-Constitution colonial era, "[a]nyone arrested could expect that not only his surface clothing but his body, luggage, and saddlebags would be searched").</div>
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Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-77912496917118697332013-07-31T13:39:00.000-07:002013-07-31T13:39:44.486-07:00Pedro's Corner: Spanish Train Crash<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://resources1.news.com.au/images/2013/07/31/1226686/053169-130726-spain-train-crash.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://resources1.news.com.au/images/2013/07/31/1226686/053169-130726-spain-train-crash.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">
Regarding the<a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-spain-train-driver-questioned-on-tape-20130731,0,7861526.story"> July 31 L.A. Times article on the Spanish train crash</a>. The driver was talking on the phone at the time. So What? Why wasn’t there a computer controlled speed limiter in charge of maximum speeds allowable (regardless of human intervention or non-intervention) overriding maximum speed for every inch of track. That’s only 6.336 million inches (points of information) per 100 miles of track. Such a job is well within the memory capabilities of the cheapest desktop computer.</div>
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<a href="http://www.trbimg.com/img-51f8ed4f/turbine/lat-la-train-driver-wre0010643913-20130728/600" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://www.trbimg.com/img-51f8ed4f/turbine/lat-la-train-driver-wre0010643913-20130728/600" width="320" /></a></div>
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What the article didn’t say about such a control device is that the management of the railroad hadn’t installed such an irrevocable guardian of public safety and, thus, blames the driver of the train. As usual, when projects are not regulated and monitored, management proceeds unthinkingly and incautiously on the job. I maintain that the irresponsible party in this tragedy is the railroad management and not the driver. Just another case of blaming the worker while the boss get off Scott Free.</div>
Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-13160002048308672152013-07-20T17:01:00.003-07:002013-07-20T17:01:34.167-07:00Patricia O. Baker puts my Chase credit card "On Hold"<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogcdn.com/www.dailyfinance.com/media/2013/03/chase-bank-604cs032213.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.blogcdn.com/www.dailyfinance.com/media/2013/03/chase-bank-604cs032213.jpg" /></a></div>
Dear Patricia,<br />
<br />
I am in receipt of your letter dated July 13, 2013 requesting that I provide your bank with Form SSA-89 as well as a W-9 form.<br />
<br />
You say you need these forms because you wish to "confirm that we have your correct Social Security number." That makes sense. It is totally appropriate that you maintain accurate information.<br />
<br />
Your letter states that you need this information by 8/1/13. I am happy to provide my correct social security number, but why did you put my credit card on hold on the same day you mailed me this letter?<br />
<br />
I put a call into Chase's Customer Data Accuracy Program and spoke with Jean. She said that my card was put on hold in error but that only the Card Lending Department could fix the error, and they are closed on the weekend. Who in your Card Lending Department flagged my account and placed it on hold? Clearly they made a mistake. Can you offer them retraining so this doesn't happen again?<br />
<br />
Also, why do you need a W-9 from me? Are you hiring me for a position at your company? If so, what is the salary and benefits? As far as I understand it, your company provides me with a credit card. Am I missing something?<br />
<br />
I find it disappointing that your company makes this mistake, and then is unwilling or unable to fix that mistake in a timely manner. It's interactions like these that give meaning to the term "Big Banks" and help explain why your industry is looked upon with so little approval. I can't help but feel that I am little more than a revenue source to your company.<br />
<br />
I wish I could trust Chase with my financial needs but someone in your company won't allow that to happen.<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
<br />
The Engaged Observer
Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-32566456221604807862013-06-28T08:15:00.004-07:002013-06-28T08:16:58.266-07:00Pedro's Corner: Submarine Court Trapped on Dry Land<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRiudad1aVxRToUblGzqnUq0flFwfY9fqPR9g4nsRAlr0gTz59MxqfDlRSXSQLt1dS_b1xISlBXdtWrTdV5d1aFZDCZFmK8eCVLb0CcNttC1G1yiVXBPbROYrTxpNoUpteOAhC09n0shtV/s1600/dadandme.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRiudad1aVxRToUblGzqnUq0flFwfY9fqPR9g4nsRAlr0gTz59MxqfDlRSXSQLt1dS_b1xISlBXdtWrTdV5d1aFZDCZFmK8eCVLb0CcNttC1G1yiVXBPbROYrTxpNoUpteOAhC09n0shtV/s320/dadandme.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Today, my dad has something to say about the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/25/us/annotated-supreme-court-decision-on-voting-rights-act.html?_r=0">Supreme Court's decision striking down Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act</a>. Take it away Pedro!<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="p1">
The Supreme Court has now decided that because of changed and improved conditions in our country, that certain guarantees regarding management of voting rights in certain states should be removed. One could therefore say that laws against crime should be repealed because of a significant drop in crime, a drop that was brought about by these very same crime laws. The national understanding is that a single crime is sufficiently repellant to justify these laws and single crimes we will always have. We still enforce laws against fraud because we know that some citizens will turn to fraud feeling they can avoid the consequences by craft.</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The voting rights laws were enacted because some citizens have a racial hatred and will act on it. They struggle to prevent their so-called inferiors from voting. They will never change and will never stop imparting the hatred to their offspring. Therefore it behooves us to keep such laws intact, as a form of regulating fair behavior and maintaining public trust in government. What would be the highest number of unfair, racial incidents permissible (NONE) and how can we predict when such incidents would stop for all time (NEVER)? This is why we have all sorts of laws punishing, regulating and watching for even a single crime.</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="p1">
A civilized government serves to protect and serve its citizens as a majority decides. Violence and threats by one person or group against another person or group have no place here. The government must have the power and the wisdom to squelch violent force along with the MIGHT MAKES RIGHT mentality.</div>
<br />
PdC
</blockquote>Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-17511039658600946842013-06-26T15:09:00.002-07:002013-06-26T15:30:28.785-07:00Pedro's Corner: Edward Snowden<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVPxb8xlm1O8EQXPYPRhOSivvrrKgdMDfBY3Qp3jsc35ra6uHKJc_EMJIg16h4cOJ7WbhRUNWujixu1xrd01R0MUdXdyng08xXPAYbs37DteWd8SuuUsRmgEQn6jdMQFo0pJoB-ehGkmf6/s1600/pedrodecordoba.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVPxb8xlm1O8EQXPYPRhOSivvrrKgdMDfBY3Qp3jsc35ra6uHKJc_EMJIg16h4cOJ7WbhRUNWujixu1xrd01R0MUdXdyng08xXPAYbs37DteWd8SuuUsRmgEQn6jdMQFo0pJoB-ehGkmf6/s320/pedrodecordoba.jpg" width="234" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pedro de Cordoba, Jr.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
The saying goes that when you look at life through the eyes of a child, that's when you truly live. While that may be true, I find that the opposite works just as well. These days people seem to forget that our elders know a thing or two. Born in the late 1920s, my dad has a wealth of life experience that gives him a unique perspective on the issues of the day. He always has a point of view, whether it's about religion or the gait of an overweight man walking down the street. It delights me to hear him express what's on his mind, as I never know what he'll say, but it will always be unfiltered and usually in the form of a joke.<br />
<br />
After hearing a recent eloquent diatribe on some subject that currently escapes me, I said to him, "Dad, you need a blog to post these op-eds floating inside your brain." He said I should post them for him. So here's his very first post, where he takes on the subject of national secrecy, our right to privacy, and governmental accountability. Take it away Dad!<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>EDWARD
SNOWDEN</i> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><o:p> </o:p>I would like to view this matter
from a position very high above, because it all seems so trivial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The three agencies, (NSA, CIA, FBI)
known to be secretive against each other, proceed on their comically bungling
Kafkaesque course, SOMETIMES defending the nation against terrorists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From their self-appointed, altitudinous
perch, they rant against one who (as a likely mental exercise) punctured their
giant sack of secrets, found them most unpalatable and cast them off to someone
else.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In so doing, he PROVIDED THE
TRANSPARENCY-IN-GOVERNMENT promised us by the current President.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No doubt Congress is scrambling to find
a relevant infraction to apply.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Perhaps the three agencies are considering a water-boarding session or
the correctly sized unmanned aircraft to wreak vengeance, beware collateral
damage!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Could this be a case of A
SYSTEM HAS TO FAIL IN ORDER TO IMPROVE?</i> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>PdC</i></blockquote>
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<!--EndFragment-->Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-21057102428132815862013-04-15T14:13:00.003-07:002013-04-15T14:13:53.435-07:00CicLAvia This Sunday! Rent my bikes on Spinlister<div class="separator tr_bq" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
I've been playing with a site called <a href="https://www.spinlister.com/">Spinlister</a>, which lets people rent out their bikes. For this sunday's CicLAvia, I'll have <a href="https://www.spinlister.com/profile/23">3 bikes you can rent</a>, including a STRiDA LT. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvXFvSjTc3tnTYNqSa1mWEAhyphenhyphenDfFS7QGr6y7JH3vLlOY0z9SSDkjRXoELO3CA5qxy3kGUnbofPjxiQ6Cs2a1eOPridrDh5s-td-ZqCNE2jhS0N2Ywp4ShshfzYCZ9gQnqPZ1nDFMnivqj8/s1600/spinlister.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvXFvSjTc3tnTYNqSa1mWEAhyphenhyphenDfFS7QGr6y7JH3vLlOY0z9SSDkjRXoELO3CA5qxy3kGUnbofPjxiQ6Cs2a1eOPridrDh5s-td-ZqCNE2jhS0N2Ywp4ShshfzYCZ9gQnqPZ1nDFMnivqj8/s1600/spinlister.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
From <a href="http://foldingbikela.com/2013/04/ciclavia-spinlister-rent-a-bike/">FoldingBikeLA.com</a>:</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeCyjhVUNUPFKVr259qZtgZ7EizZeleEjyHkY6cdQYvhC9gOVOO3yYxRAdBtcY17_cAN7rFFfc5q156sbt5zuJXLalYxGIHxmh55ApVYhaAG2uiQy3ZuXthOBueVB4H1Bb_gJPSPsrBb5C/s1600/strida-rental.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeCyjhVUNUPFKVr259qZtgZ7EizZeleEjyHkY6cdQYvhC9gOVOO3yYxRAdBtcY17_cAN7rFFfc5q156sbt5zuJXLalYxGIHxmh55ApVYhaAG2uiQy3ZuXthOBueVB4H1Bb_gJPSPsrBb5C/s1600/strida-rental.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote>
What is Spinlister?<br />
Spinlister is a marketplace that lets you find the best bikes to rent online, whether from individuals or existing bike rental shops.
Just type where you’d like to ride and Spinlister gives you the best bike rental options for that location. We connect you with awesome people and great bikes from around the world.
If you’d like to list your bike, just snap a few pictures and share your sweet chariot with awesome people like you. We help you meet up, exchange the bike, and have a great experience, whether you’re the renter or the lister.
</blockquote>
Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-41251477547231961592013-02-27T15:41:00.000-08:002013-02-27T15:41:00.162-08:00Who Should Be The Next Mayor Of Los Angeles?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://sphotos-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ash3/75965_10151780877214569_1057538728_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://sphotos-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ash3/75965_10151780877214569_1057538728_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Dude! The <a href="http://clerk.lacity.org/Elections/index.htm">Los Angeles City Elections</a> are less than a week away! Have you been getting physically spammed like I have? Just yesterday, 18 mailers were waiting for me in my mailbox. It's a very strange campaign so far. There's attack ads but I'm hardly noticing them. Are you? All I know is that one of these mayoral candidates will do a better job for more Angelenos than the rest.<br />
<br />
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/The_Wire_Carcetti.jpg/250px-The_Wire_Carcetti.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/The_Wire_Carcetti.jpg/250px-The_Wire_Carcetti.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
My tried and true strategy of picking the candidate who ISN'T endorsed by major political machines is leading me to vote for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Carcetti">Tommy Carcetti</a>! No wait... <a href="http://www.ericgarcetti.com/">Eric Garcetti</a>! Not that I know a lot about him. I will say he apparently reads my tweets and <a href="https://twitter.com/alexdecordoba/status/219131289868046336">responds to them on occasion</a>.<br />
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Which I think is really cool of him. Sometimes he doesn't respond at all, like the time I called out LAFD for what I believe is a pattern of over responding to medical emergencies with excessive personell and equipment not suited to the task. Probably a wise choice Eric. Not that it helped. <a href="http://www.scpr.org/blogs/politics/2013/01/30/12287/firefighters-union-endorses-wendy-greuel-mayor/">Wendy Greuel was endorsed by the Firefighters' Union.</a><br />
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But I still think a batallion of paramedics on dual sport motos could serve the medical emergencies of L.A. faster and cheaper than ladder trucks and big bright red 1989 Suburbans. And it would be really cool.<br />
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Anyways, I have so many gripes with the leaders of the City of Los Angeles. But some of things that really get to me are <span style="color: #38761d;">wasteful bureaucracies that traumatize the populace</span>,<span style="color: #351c75;"> the way Metro ignores public safety and resident quality of life in service of traffic and gridlock</span> and also <span style="color: #990000;">the blatant giving away of our public spaces</span>.<br />
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For example, Supersize Billboards and Electronic Billboards somehow sneaked their way into the city with no one the wiser. Then we wake up and it's all Blade Runner?? WTF? If you bother to follow the money it's not pretty. I don't know what role Eric may have played in this, except he was a member of the city council when this all went down, and continues to go down, nor do I know what he might do about it should he get elected...<br />
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Sorry I stressed you out Eric. But those billboards really rub me the wrong way. I'm waiting for <a href="http://banbillboardblight.org/?p=7626">BanBillboardBlight.Org</a> to write back with their endorsements for the upcoming election.<br />
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So who should YOU vote for? That's your personal choice, and I hope you choose to decide. You'll be one of the few who can complain about this town since you did your part to make it better. As for me, I was lucky enough that a friend turned me on to a city hall insider that I do trust. She seems to know what's really going on behind the scenes and somehow manages to write a handy election cheatsheet without getting transferred to cleaning horse stables in Griffith Park. Without further ado, behold<br />
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<b>Michelle’s Awesome LA Voter Guide</b></h3>
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<b>March 5, 2013</b></h4>
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<i>Heyo! And we’re back. Have you received like a billion political mailers in your mailbox in the past two weeks? Then you live in LA and we have a big ‘ole election coming up next week on Tuesday, March 5<span class="s1"><sup>th</sup></span>. To be clear, next week are the primaries and the general election is May 21<span class="s1"><sup>st</sup></span>. What does that mean? For example, there are many candidates running to be Mayor of LA. Next week, your votes will determine the top two contenders. There will be a brief period where you will receive many more mailers, people knocking at your door at dinnertime and a barrage of commercials, and then you’ll return to the polls on May 21st to determine the winner. The same goes for those City Council districts that have a large candidate pool. </i><i> </i><i>On to the more important question you may be asking yourself: Why should I give a shit about this election? There are eight City Council seats open, an election to select a City Attorney, City Controller, multiple LAUSD School Board seats, the LA Community College Board of Trustees, a ballot measure and of course, a Mayoral contest. Essentially, there are some big decisions to be made and by not paying attention to these seemingly unimportant elections could result in a crappy person representing your district. You don’t want that. </i><i> </i><i>As you know, this voter guide has become somewhat of a tradition and who am I to ruin Christmas. People will disagree with me. To that end, I encourage you to do your own research. Also, this voter guide will not be weighing in on the school board races (though, I like Monica Garcia in district 2) nor the LA Community College Board of Trustee races (also I favor Tom Oliver for District 6). There are a lot of publications out there with endorsement slates such as the LA Times, Downtown News, LA Sentinel, etc. Do some comparisons and determine which candidate appeals to you. Lastly, this guide took me forever to do. I actually finished the damn thing last night and my computer crashed causing me to lose half the data, arg!!! If you do pass it on, give me props and feel free to forward the guide, post on facebook, link to twitter, et al. </i><i><br /></i><i>Sincerely,</i><i>Michelle Garakian</i></blockquote>
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<b>Mayor: Eric Garcetti</b>For those that know me, I’ve been hyping this dude since 2006. I’ve worked in or adjacent to city government for a long time and during this time, I’ve had the pleasure of working with Eric Garcetti and his office on a variety of exciting and bold policies for the City of LA. During his six year tenure as City Councilor and President of the City Council, he’s championed funding for the Affordable Housing to help folks gain access to more workforce housing in LA and spearheaded various environmental initiatives from the largest Green Building ordinance in the nation to recently help pass the largest urban solar program in the nation, the Solar Feed-in Tariff.<br />These are some of the big picture things I can point to, but everyday he is working tirelessly to improve the quality of life for Angelenos by working to create more parks in the city, or after school programs in his district or limit gang activity or create more municipal oversight such as working on needed pension reform. He’s also created more access to City Government by empowering members of his community through leadership programs and local neighborhood councils. As a business advocate, he’s working towards eliminating bureaucracy around permitting and building in the city as well as attempting to eliminate gross receipts taxes for local businesses. All and all, he gets shit done and the LA Times thinks so too because they endorsed him for Mayor. He’s also got the endorsement of Sierra Club and National Organization for Women (NOW), which is telling with two women in the race.<br /><br />This city is a unique period in its existence. Communities are becoming revitalized and walkable. Biking and public transportation are prioritized and used. We’re brimming with cutting edge art and exciting events that bring people together and unite communities around good causes. It’s really exciting to live here because things are happening very organically. We need a mayor who is an innovative and intellectual thinker; someone who can harness all this goodness and capitalize on it. We all see the change, but in order to keep the momentum, we need to ensure we’re moving in the right direction. There are some excellent candidates in the race to become LA’s next Mayor, but only Eric Garcetti is poised to lead the way forward.<br /><br /><b> City Controller: Indifferent</b>The City Controller has the ability to identify waste fraud and abuse and audit a department but has little authority to follow up. In fact, the Council moved to implement a rate payer advocate which undermined the position of the controller but also showed how sometimes totally irrelevant this position is. I guess it’s good to have a controller for the city however it really depends on the personality. Laura Chick was feared and admired because she handled business and put everybody on blast. None of the candidates in this race has inspired me to take a position. The LA Times and others endorse Ron Galprin and lots of unions support Dennis Zine. Galprin seems better than the two to me but eh...<br /><b> </b><b>City Attorney: Mike Feuer</b>This is a total no brainer. Prior to entering into public office, Mike Feuer ran Bet Tzedek Legal Services, one of the nation's most highly regarded providers of legal services to the poor. He served as City Councilor of LA many years ago and has most recently finished a stint as a State Assemblymember where he has championed transportation, public safety and environmental policies. He’s tough, smart and a great negotiator, just the person LA needs to navigate the tough waters ahead. I’ve had the pleasure of working with his office for many years and it has continually been a rewarding experience to work with an elected official who remains dedicated, humble and has the tenacity to get the job done without sacrificing his integrity.<br /><br /><b>Los Angeles City Council. </b>Oh, you don’t know what district you are in? Go <a href="http://lacity.org/residents/index.htm"><span class="s1">here</span></a> put your address in the Neighborhood Resources line and voila, all the info you need at your disposal.<br /><br /><b>CD 1: Jose Gardea</b>Ok. This is my council district and I’m pretty hyped on this race because it’ll directly impact my neighborhood. Gardea has acted as chief of staff to City Councilmember Ed Reyes for many years. He has first-hand knowledge of this district from helping constituents balance communities through improved housing, transportation infrastructure, increased public safety and more green space. Both Gardea and Reyes have a great reputation in City Council on smart planning and environmental measures like revitalizing the LA River to a world class recreation area. Cedillo may have the support of everybody and his mother but I don’t see any community support for him and that is very telling. Lastly and most importantly to me and my neighborhood, Gardea has firmly come out against the Barlow Hospital Development in Elysian Park which would put almost 900 units of housing in Elysian Park with no plan for parking or transportation options. It’s gross to even consider this large of a project in one of the city’s most amazing urban parks. Gardea is the best guy for CD 1.<br /><br /><b>CD 3: Bob Blumenfield</b>This one is also a no brainer. Bob Blumenfield was Chief of Staff for the well respected though recently defeated Congressmember Howard Berman. Together, they represented this part of the valley with much aplomb. Blumenfield decided to step out and run for CA Assembly and he did a terrific job focusing on budget cutting in Sacramento. As a long time environmentalist he will be good for this usually conservative district which balks at any environmental overtures. He’s supported by the LA Times and the Los Angeles League of Conservation Voters. He’s your man if you live in this district. <br /><br /><b>CD 5: Paul Koretz</b>Koretz is a good guy on the city council. In all my dealings with his office since the beginning of his tenure, he has revealed himself an honest broker with the best intentions of the city and his district. He vehemently supports and advocates for animal welfare issues and environmental policies and initiatives. He enjoys a lot of city wide support from business, labor, community and press, etc. <br /><b> </b><b>CD 7: Felipe Fuentes, I guess</b>I’m not really jazzed on this guy but nobody else of substance is running in this district.<br /><b> </b><b>CD 9: Staying out of this race till after the primaries</b>There are like a million people running in this race. I’m going to stand by and let the voters determine who should be in the run off then make a decision. Though, I am leaning towards Dave Roberts. He was just recently endorsed by the LA Times and I’m sure will get a lot more love after the primaries.<br /><b> </b><b>CD 11: Mike Bonin</b>Mike Bonin is a good successor to popular City Councilmember Bill Rosendahl. He’s been a chief aide to Rosendahl for almost 8 years and knows this district like a baby knows its mom. He cares a lot about the environment, hence the Sierra Club endorsement, and works hard to ensure that district concerns are being addressed in detail. I have enjoyed working with him and his office over the course of my career and know he would do right by the residents and businesses of his district.<br /><b> </b><b>CD 13: Matt Szabo</b>Like CD 9 there are A LOT of folks running to represent this district. I mean A LOT. If you live in this district, I can’t imagine the amount of mailers you are getting in one day, probably enough to reconstitute a redwood in your backyard. There are a lot of great candidates running in this race, from Mitch O’Farrell to Josh Post to Emile Mack to Alex DeCampo and John Choi. All have certain traits and qualities that would make a good councilmember but I think Matt Szabo is head and shoulders above them all. For the past eight years, Matt has been the braintrust at City Hall. He has mediated and negotiated some of the most pressing issues this city has faced. He has been paramount to the effort to reach the city’s renewable goals by 2020. He has spearheaded important public safety and affordable housing initiatives and worked towards syncing the city’s traffic lights. He’s a strong, behind-the-scenes player with a reputation for being both respected and feared. Most importantly he is incredibly tenacious. If he says he is going to do something, it will happen and then some. And trust me, this comes in handy when advocating for your district. Garcetti has worked tireless to make this district terrific but we need to continue the momentum. Matt has the clout and know how to bring real and lasting changes to CD 13 like expanding transit opportunities and creating more open space while keeping a keen focus on the little things that make this district great.<br /><b> </b><b>CD 15: Joe Buscaino</b>Joe is a good guy. He was just elected in a special election last year when long time Councilwoman Janice Hahn moved on to the US Congress. Since being elected in an underdog race, he’s really picked up the ropes. Further, he’s exercised a nice degree of independence which is always refreshing. He needs a bit more time to grow into this position. <br /><b> </b><b>Prop A: Half cent sales tax increase- Hmmmm…</b>So this one is really a toughie. The organization that I work for is supporting it because it does not put the tax burden on business alone and it will maintain standards of public safety that have helped keep crime rates low in the city. However, the breadth of mayoral and council candidates opposes this. Though, it may be due to political jockeying rather than true intent, given that said candidates would have a huge budget monkey off their back when they assume public office if this measure passes. There are two issues at hand: One is that most of the city revenue goes towards public safety, approximately 70% I think, so with looming deficits in the next two years, there will be a major impact to the LAPD and LAFD and cuts to needed repairs and maintenance. Two, is the issue of union negotiations. The LA Times states it better than I, “<i>A related problem with the timing of Proposition A is that the generous 2007 contracts with public employee unions expire next year, setting up a crucial round of negotiations. As Santana's budget projections show, the city's labor costs — particularly its obligations on pensions and retiree healthcare — are likely to cause deficits even if voters raise the sales tax; the shortfalls two, three and four years from now are expected to be up to 50% larger than the one in the coming year. By filling the short-term hole in the city budget, a tax hike now would dim the prospects of city leaders seeking, let alone winning, the concessions from unions on pay and benefits that the city badly needs for the long term.” </i>In a nutshell, this proposition is a half-assed short term solution that will barely put the city in the black for fewer than two years, then we’re back to larger deficits. Unless we deal intelligently with pension reform, we’ll continue to face this problem. I will most likely vote no on this issue but you may value the quality of public safety in this city and see this measure as a way to stave off machete-sized cuts.</blockquote>
Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-90219694144025451872012-11-08T14:45:00.004-08:002012-11-08T23:09:58.644-08:00Prodigal Son Returns Friday to the Sunset Strip! Jason de Cordoba debuts Siren Call<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDD2mHVvb7vf5Pwh25lxyVCW2UiCa24RRYKhVyyujxqkj1Z7_w-NDANhoRxw24lYdfR0Wt8Qx64Dg-a-9kiszcj3hU2gah2BZ9BnsRnbl-eq5KhYLDPOCVd9VK5sAkjaX_5o7WZh6Evkxl/s1600/jason01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDD2mHVvb7vf5Pwh25lxyVCW2UiCa24RRYKhVyyujxqkj1Z7_w-NDANhoRxw24lYdfR0Wt8Qx64Dg-a-9kiszcj3hU2gah2BZ9BnsRnbl-eq5KhYLDPOCVd9VK5sAkjaX_5o7WZh6Evkxl/s1600/jason01.jpg" /></a></div>
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The photo above is of the "de Cordoba boys" as we were known growing up in the Palisades, Jason, Tony and me, with the Road Runner shirt and the blissed out smile on my face. My last name preceded me everywhere I went. Tony and Jason were my role models. We lived to raise hell and have as much fun in the sun as humanly possible. Fireworks, smoking pot, jumping bikes off ramps over the neighborhood children, riding motorcycles and ATVs in the middle of the night all over the Palisades, putting bananas in tailpipes, setting boobytraps for cars, playing ditch, hiking through sacred tribal grounds of "our" Chumash ancestors, and always getting into trouble. As my mom reminds me, we all made it out ok, as we're still alive. Yes mom, we are!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxRPCD-kpVLeqhOsg239h5Nj2TN8vkcBcsW6j37g38ANBdmhuti17wD3XT0SF_ZNwPqrIrR6acf0m-tWsHZjD3IMigLGFsupeHJ4oNCuwCiLo6VQBpq2dZG2XOJCGquu_K6F-rxYrmgsq2/s1600/jason02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxRPCD-kpVLeqhOsg239h5Nj2TN8vkcBcsW6j37g38ANBdmhuti17wD3XT0SF_ZNwPqrIrR6acf0m-tWsHZjD3IMigLGFsupeHJ4oNCuwCiLo6VQBpq2dZG2XOJCGquu_K6F-rxYrmgsq2/s320/jason02.jpg" width="209" /></a></div>
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Jason became a legend for his dedication to music, turning our garage into a recording studio and throwing insane houseparties while the rest of the family went on vacation. I still don't quite understand how Jason convinced my parents to let him stay alone at home. He even recorded the performances of local bands in our living room, where close to a hundred kids from as far as Malibu and Mar Vista came to party. Somewhere there's a vhs tape of early performances by the fuzz rock band <a href="http://mackro.tumblr.com/post/357449836/mustard-fuzz-rock-band-from-pacific-palisades">Mustard</a> in our living room. Fred Bucher crashing mom's porsche into a wall. It's the stuff of legends.<br />
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His love for music was contagious. Tony learned bass and had good success with his own band. And before I knew it, I was learning to play drums so I could join Tony and Jason for long sessions playing Rush and Led Zepellin in the garage.<br />
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Jason was born to rock. His guitar was and still is his best friend. Our dog Duke habitually pissed on it whenever he got a chance, perhaps he was jealous. Jason is his happiest when he has the Fender Stratocaster in his hands, channeling Jimi Hendrix, Carlos Santana or Alex Lifeson. He's a bad-ass, guitar weilding , troubador expat living in the capital city of Austria, Vienna. For well over a decade he's been sharing his shred with Europe in various guises.<br />
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This weekend, he returns to L.A. to share with us his latest project, <a href="http://www.sirencallband.com/">Siren Call</a>.<br />
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Siren Call make's their Los Angeles Debut this Friday Night (8pm) at Hollywood's Legendary Roxy's On The Rox.<br />
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Siren Call - Vienna meets California in this new and fresh international line-up. Pop/post grunge tunes with an original flair! Siren Call delivers a sunny kind of darkness, mixing Nirvana's raw emotional power with the playful sensuality of Gwen Stefani's vocals. </blockquote>
<a href="http://goo.gl/maps/9TizS">ON THE ROX:
The Roxy Theatre </a><br />
<a href="http://goo.gl/maps/9TizS">9009 West Sunset Blvd. </a><br />
<a href="http://goo.gl/maps/9TizS">West Hollywood, CA </a><br />
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Then <a href="http://www.facebook.com/events/238862392907632/">on Saturday they are playing the Whiskey.</a><br />
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I'm sure when he takes the stage, I'll have flashbacks of the endless hours we spent hanging out, playing music and raising hell. He's never strayed far from that guitar. The song truly remains the same.<br />
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See you all tomorrow!<br />
<br />Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-82839509992288609272012-11-07T16:19:00.001-08:002012-11-07T16:19:33.298-08:00Political Pundits, The Sirens Of The Airwaves<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zdlNxskrs0q_dfREQD55rBim2-lLxWQ4orAmisxLPAxRC8nesGC5ffcs5kTOY2DBUmaCAgHbMi7RSsGho2cfbFbv-2SLeiLJlCQ_U84sUJoSsyjuf8_PUTcFtAN4itmsDquHFKJ7o9_k/s1600/Picture+5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zdlNxskrs0q_dfREQD55rBim2-lLxWQ4orAmisxLPAxRC8nesGC5ffcs5kTOY2DBUmaCAgHbMi7RSsGho2cfbFbv-2SLeiLJlCQ_U84sUJoSsyjuf8_PUTcFtAN4itmsDquHFKJ7o9_k/s320/Picture+5.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>First of all, you'll run into the Sirens,</i></div>
<i></i><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><i>who seduce all men who come across them.</i></i></div>
<i>
</i>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><i>Whoever unwittingly encounters them</i></i></div>
<i>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>and hears the Sirens' call</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>never gets back.</i></div>
</i></blockquote>
The Odyssey, Book 12
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Why do we listen to the grand predictions made by political pundits? <a href="http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/11/grading-pundit-predictions/58768/">Their predictions</a> aren't nearly as accurate as a coin toss.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBdIP4hhxsbnOZJT9B5rEGhRrfsa31pp7ipymNTW1NaoQu9Yqza8YAiBzS5m6Le002vrU3wNEhIE3itl72gNIz_n1lxGYAR4yPQp_JEhmShTduRkIrMJNNggWkf8_WrCbnt2XD1bMdlOG-/s1600/Picture+4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBdIP4hhxsbnOZJT9B5rEGhRrfsa31pp7ipymNTW1NaoQu9Yqza8YAiBzS5m6Le002vrU3wNEhIE3itl72gNIz_n1lxGYAR4yPQp_JEhmShTduRkIrMJNNggWkf8_WrCbnt2XD1bMdlOG-/s400/Picture+4.png" width="351" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/11/your-pundit-prediction-scorecard/58729/">Pundit Prediction Scorecard from theatlanticwire.com</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://techcrunch.com/2012/11/07/pundit-forecasts-all-wrong-silver-perfectly-right-is-punditry-dead/">Tech Crunch</a> reports on the most successful predictor of yesterday's election, Nate Silver of<a href="http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/"> Fivethirtyeight.com</a>. Silver successfully predicted the election outcome for every single state in the nation.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/A7Ery-hCYAAykAw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/A7Ery-hCYAAykAw.jpg" /></a></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Silver’s analysis, and statistical models generally, factor in more data points than even the most knowledgeable political insider could possibly juggle in their working memory. </span><a href="http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/methodology/" style="background-color: white; color: #0a9600; font-family: helvetica, arial, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px; outline-style: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">His model</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">incorporates the size, quality, and recency of all polls, and weights them based on the polling firm’s past predictive success (among other more advanced statistical procedures).</span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
</blockquote>
The answer may be that Americans rather enjoy the talking heads, regardless of the veracity of what they are saying. Television networks would have a hard time selling ads if they couldn't spend endless hours debating competing predictions all day long, all the while generating the perception of uncertainty which they can then relieve with their "news." These sirens of the airwaves render (nearly) all who listen incapable of rational thought. Nate Silver is a rare example of a person who takes an empirical approach to answering the question, "Who will win the election?" His is an example I try to emulate. Until then,<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
Tie Me To A Mast And Fill Your Ears With Wax!</h3>
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Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-17477908859398269692012-10-19T08:26:00.002-07:002012-10-19T08:26:43.628-07:00How much money was Dr. Shery Franklin, a San Diego Pediatric Endocrinologist, paid to discredit Prop 37?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.sandiegomagazine.com/images/2012/october/topdocs/web_sherry_franklin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="http://www.sandiegomagazine.com/images/2012/october/topdocs/web_sherry_franklin.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />
Who is Dr. Sherry Franklin and why is she discrediting Prop 37?<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/vm1sh-9jrW8?rel=0" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
Dr. Sherry Franklin is president of the <a href="http://www.sdcms.org/">San Diego County Medical Society</a>. Was she or the San Diego County Medical Society paid to discredit Prop 37?<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/SanDiegoCountyMedicalSociety">San Diego County Medical Society on Facebook</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://twitter.com/SDCMS">San Diego County Medical Society on Twitter: @SDCMS</a>Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-35166756448317087332012-10-14T22:35:00.004-07:002012-10-14T22:35:56.449-07:00Space Shuttle Endeavor's Last Mission Thru Los Angeles<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086280872/" title="shuttle11 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle11" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8183/8086280872_dfeeb699fe_z.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
This morning, I woke up at 3:45am to see if I could photograph the space shuttle Endeavor travelling the final 2 miles along Martin Luther King Boulevard to it's final home at the California Science Center. It was a surreal experience seeing this mythical machine that as a child existed somewhere between science and science-fiction rolling past you at half a mile per hour.<br />
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086280594/" title="shuttle9 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle9" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8046/8086280594_73c27ee94c_z.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086282193/" title="shuttle12 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle12" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8056/8086282193_53aff45ba0_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086281905/" title="shuttle10 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle10" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8185/8086281905_921b8b47d4_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086280486/" title="shuttle8 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle8" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8471/8086280486_24861c8890_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086280362/" title="shuttle7 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle7" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8329/8086280362_c52260a504_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086281411/" title="shuttle6 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle6" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8464/8086281411_61bb67a1ec_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086280130/" title="shuttle5 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle5" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8328/8086280130_e74af0bf75_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086281107/" title="shuttle4 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle4" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8189/8086281107_50b2e297c2_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086279870/" title="shuttle3 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle3" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8474/8086279870_1e9a8ac880_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086279784/" title="shuttle2 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle2" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8326/8086279784_8212c18585_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/8086279600/" title="shuttle1 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="shuttle1" height="426" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8331/8086279600_c1f7f19dfe_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-50211122895091960142012-10-11T23:40:00.000-07:002012-10-11T23:40:17.826-07:00Mia Doi Todd, Frohawk Two Feathers and Om'Mas Keith Sing Vote Yes On Prop 37<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/themes/505f860e2cf0514571000002/attachments/original/1348437527/right-to-know_logo.png?1348437527" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="130" width="227" src="http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/themes/505f860e2cf0514571000002/attachments/original/1348437527/right-to-know_logo.png?1348437527" /></a></div>
<br />
It's voting time! I got my absentee ballot yesterday and am hanging chads as I write this post. When I got to <a href="http://www.carighttoknow.org/">Prop 37</a>, I wasn't sure what to do. Lots of commercials on TV were telling me to vote no, but then I saw that my good friend the amazing <a href="http://www.taylordecordoba.com/artists/frohawk-two-feathers/">Frohawk Two Feathers</a> recorded a public message for all Californians. Let's take a look together, shall we?
<br /><br />
<center><iframe width="560" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/NZqjdFAnqOA?rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></center>
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<blockquote><i>
Election day, November 6, 2012 is fast approaching, and Californians have the opportunity to pass this very important law. </blockquote>
<blockquote>
Proposition 37 would require food sold in supermarkets to be labeled if it contains genetically modified organisms, or GMOs.
Studies have shown links between GMOs and cancer, allergies, and organ toxicity. </blockquote>
<blockquote>
Monsanto and other GMO and pesticide firms have contributed nearly $35 million to oppose Proposition 37. </blockquote>
<blockquote>
All of Europe, Russia, India, Japan and China require labeling of genetically engineered food, and so should we.
We are what we eat, and we have the right to know what we are eating! </blockquote>
<blockquote>
For more information on Proposition 37, visit: <a href="http://www.carighttoknow.org/">www.carighttoknow.org</a> </blockquote>
<blockquote>
Performed by Mia Doi Todd, Frohawk Two Feathers and Om'Mas Keith
Produced by Om'Mas Keith and Mia Doi Todd</blockquote></i>
<strong>There you have it! Vote Yes On Prop. 37! Thanks <a href="http://miadoitodd.com/">Mia</a>, <a href="http://www.taylordecordoba.com/artists/frohawk-two-feathers/">Frohawk</a> and <a href="http://www.ommas.com/">Om'Mas</a>!</strong>Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-74297793120547959472012-09-01T14:01:00.000-07:002012-09-01T14:01:56.417-07:00Death at Los Angeles Critical Mass, Rest in Peace Jerico Culata<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://media.nbclosangeles.com/images/654*369/01-bike.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="369" src="http://media.nbclosangeles.com/images/654*369/01-bike.jpg" width="654" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Bicyclist-Dies-Westwood-Critical-Mass-168255356.html">If reports are true</a>, Jerico Culata died last night for a number of reasons. The most important one was that we was not wearing a helmet. The second reason was he was riding a bicycle with no brakes. The third reason was he was riding beyond his skill level. It is extremely sad but comes as no surprise that someone has died at Los Angeles Critical Mass.<br />
<br />
When I was told of his death, my mind instantly played out following scenario:
<i>A young inexperienced cyclist was riding a fixie with no helmet and lost control on a downhill descent. </i>It turns out my guess was not far off...<br />
<blockquote>
Jerico Culata of Los Angeles was participating in the Critical Mass ride with up to 700 other riders when he lost control of his bike and slammed into a masonry wall, Clark said. He wasn't wearing a helmet, said LAPD Officer Sara Faden.
Faden couldn't confirm reports about whether the bike Culata was riding had brakes. She did say, though that there is a trend of riders are using bikes that have no brakes.
Culata went wide on a downhill curve, his friend told a photographer outside the hospital.</blockquote>
<br />
After a near death experience thanks to a hit and run driver, I no longer ride critical mass. Sometimes I miss the experience of riding with thousands of others, but it also comes at great risk. Young children with no helmets and no brakes abound at the rides. It's been a ticking time bomb for quite some time. I recall seeing a young rider lose control on a descent in West Hollywood several years ago, run right thru a red light on Santa Monica Blvd and slam right into an Audi. The impact was so severe, the Audi's radiator was crushed and instantly spilled coolant on the street. The cyclist got up, brushed himself off and rode away. It was humorous but also foreshadowed the events of last night.<br />
<br />
My heart goes out to Jerico's family and friends. I hope the cycling community will learn from this tragedy.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Please. Wear a helmet, and put a brake on your bike.</b></div>
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<b>Like This Guy!</b></div>
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<a href="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5035/5877095107_7dcc7d7590_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5035/5877095107_7dcc7d7590_z.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Or These Guys!</b></div>
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<a href="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5234/5877653768_63ae4ddf31_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5234/5877653768_63ae4ddf31_z.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Keep your eyes open at all times!</b></div>
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<a href="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6129/5990124550_f0f76e1cd4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6129/5990124550_f0f76e1cd4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Know the limits of your skills.</b></div>
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<a href="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6003/5989571885_c11ab3eea0_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6003/5989571885_c11ab3eea0_z.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Always look out for your friends.</b></div>
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Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-9352687031762168212012-07-04T07:50:00.000-07:002012-07-06T17:54:32.460-07:00Beach House at the El Rey<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/7501286540/" title="IMG_3578 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="IMG_3578" height="640" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8018/7501286540_7e8dc2eff5_z.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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Live music, when done right, is an immersive experience for the audience. The sound washes over you, filling the entire concert hall and bringing all who listen into a unified resonant frequency. Such was my experience at last night's performance by Beach House at the El Rey Theater.
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/7501292830/" title="IMG_3612 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8025/7501292830_205625df7e.jpg" width="375" height="500" alt="IMG_3612"></a>
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Words can't describe exactly how a certain combination of sounds and rhythms result in virtuosity, but when you hear it you know it.<br />
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I have to make a confession. I had no idea that the voice singing those hauntingly beautiful songs by Beach House were a woman's. Does it matter? Sort of...<br />
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/7501296536/" title="IMG_3624 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8011/7501296536_edba6e68a9.jpg" width="500" height="500" alt="IMG_3624"></a><br />
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Here's a <a href="http://www.npr.org/2010/12/29/123850798/beach-house-dreaming-in-full-color">set they recorded for NPR</a> in December 2010.<br />
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/7501289964/" title="IMG_3583 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="IMG_3583" height="480" src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7258/7501289964_54e31cd1b5_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>
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A bonus was hearing a set by <a href="http://www.myspace.com/wildnothing">Wild Nothing</a>, a solo project of the incredibly talented Jack Tatum. The songs were poppy, danceable yet full of emotion.Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-5126482965544955272012-06-20T10:46:00.000-07:002012-06-20T10:46:28.292-07:00Frohawk Two Feathers: We Buy Gold, We Buy Everything, We Sell Souls, at MCA Denver<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl6v9YvgGfPCKA39XgfNHIhPyps4_jhR0I_fFGKc8VVm9ysW4B8hypQlRc-js6OFRsQBqI9woNBsrU8ERK_6oHXxpmoTGJ9umSw7WhtxXfbJVMSIrXYsEDC7f98Sv6uX_3ADJvBRrMpwEM/s1600/IMG_1636s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl6v9YvgGfPCKA39XgfNHIhPyps4_jhR0I_fFGKc8VVm9ysW4B8hypQlRc-js6OFRsQBqI9woNBsrU8ERK_6oHXxpmoTGJ9umSw7WhtxXfbJVMSIrXYsEDC7f98Sv6uX_3ADJvBRrMpwEM/s400/IMG_1636s.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Frohawk Two Feathers<br />
The Battle of Tallow (Blood) River Or The Bear and The Wolf destroy the King of Gold and The Two Hells for enemies and traitors are opened. 1794, 2012<br />
Graphite, and acrylic on elk hide, bison rawhide, and nails.<br />
70" x 50"</td></tr>
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I'm in Denver this week preparing for the opening of <a href="http://www.taylordecordoba.com/artists/frohawk-two-feathers/">Frohawk Two Feathers</a>'s first solo museum exhibition at <a href="http://www.mcadenver.org/">MCA Denver</a>. The show, entitled <b><i><a href="http://www.taylordecordoba.com/2012/06/frohawk-two-feathers-solo-museum-exhibition-at-mca-denver/">We Buy Gold, We Buy Everything, We Sell Souls</a></i></b>, opens this Thursday. Here's a preview of the installation.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2EhHsFgpxqrM2qjCnWCyBVvXujDyKjmE3cz0ZtGHPfnzDQL4GlCtw7nMaXBJ1nULdVUfHD2-GI3QBgsegQx26Izkdn-hL3OIn4oUxNhpH6sYhJsv7iqLGVq-7cJQ-LqhcnyKeICiY2mH6/s1600/IMG_7411.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2EhHsFgpxqrM2qjCnWCyBVvXujDyKjmE3cz0ZtGHPfnzDQL4GlCtw7nMaXBJ1nULdVUfHD2-GI3QBgsegQx26Izkdn-hL3OIn4oUxNhpH6sYhJsv7iqLGVq-7cJQ-LqhcnyKeICiY2mH6/s400/IMG_7411.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="color: #666666;">Taylor De Cordoba is thrilled to announce that MCA Denver will present the first solo museum exhibition dedicated to the work of Frohawk Two Feathers, the pseudonym for L.A.-based artist Umar Rashid. The exhibition, entitled Frohawk Two Feathers: We Buy Gold, We Buy Everything, We Sell Souls, will be on view from June 21, 2012 through September 9, 2012, and feature more than 20 paintings, works on paper and sculpture. </span></i></blockquote>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="color: #666666;">Over the course of his career, Frohawk Two Feathers has created works that provide a magnificent re-imagining of history, narrating the story of Frengland, his fictionalized empire of a combined France and England. His drawings are detailed accounts of the traditions and rituals associated with the Frenglish leaders and culture, confronting issues of racism, power, greed, and ideological opposition within an invented period during the eighteenth century. By re-imagining colonial history, his work shows the subjective nature of historical recollection. </span></i></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="color: #666666;">Co-curated by Nora Burnett Abrams and Tricia Robson, the presentation at MCA Denver focuses on key characters and battles from the initial formation and early expansion of Frengland, as well as subsequent imperial conquests and campaigns against the crown. Rooted in this early history, the artist produced new works for this exhibition that further develop the complex narrative of the Frenglish empire, expanding the scope of his earlier work to North America and linking the narrative of Frengland to Colorado.
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If you're in Denver be sure to check out the show.Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-68056834679236087602012-05-31T22:58:00.000-07:002012-05-31T22:58:17.030-07:00Portraits in the garden<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/7312665818/" title="IMG_6604 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="IMG_6604" height="427" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8165/7312665818_c400d06caa_z.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
Last night, I cooked salmon for a group of lovely ladies. The light was perfect so I talked them into some snapshots.<br />
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/7312667144/" title="IMG_6639 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="IMG_6639" height="640" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8163/7312667144_5bd2ef7b15_z.jpg" width="427" /></a><br />
<a href="http://beatricevalenzuela.com/">Beatrice</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/7312666416/" title="IMG_6612 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="IMG_6612" height="640" src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7235/7312666416_5d3e52cf6f_z.jpg" width="427" /></a><br />
<a href="http://jeanasohn.blogspot.com/">Jeana</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/7312667914/" title="IMG_6658 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="IMG_6658" height="640" src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7214/7312667914_a2f444ba2c_z.jpg" width="427" /></a><br />
<a href="http://poemsweetpoem.blogspot.com/">Megan</a><br />
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<br />Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8653635607236802729.post-53498408767057980002012-05-29T17:47:00.000-07:002012-05-29T17:47:10.136-07:00The Hunger: Diana Nyad and the pursuit of an "Xtreme Dream"<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/20990388@N04/7297230220/" title="IMG_6502 by Alex de Cordoba, on Flickr"><img alt="IMG_6502" height="581" src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7100/7297230220_361b5f991b_z.jpg" width="640" /></a>
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In August of last year, I received a phone call that changed my life. I had just married the woman of my dreams, our art gallery was beginning to recover from the recession and I was in the early stages of launching a web development and social media consultancy business.<br />
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When I answered the phone, the voice of a close friend said to me "Alex, I have a job for you." <a href="http://diananyad.com/">Diana Nyad</a>, the world champion long distance swimmer needed <i>my help</i>. Her attempt to swim across the Florida Straits from Cuba to Florida ended after 26 hours in the water. But she was not finished. In fact, she would be leaving for Cuba in a couple weeks to try it again, a dream that would not die, so difficult some would call it impossible, but in her mind it was a forgone conclusion that she would walk on the Florida shore 60 hours after jumping into the harbor in Havana.<br />
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<a href="http://diananyad.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/BARLI.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="http://diananyad.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/BARLI.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
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I joined Diana's team as her webmaster, tasked with a similarly impossible task of keeping her website from crashing when 1 million people stopped by to get hourly updates on her progress. The blog posts I transcribed arrived to me via a sat phone on ship to a scribe in New York and then on to me, to post on the website and spread the word on <a href="http://twitter.com/#!/diananyad">Twitter</a> and <a href="http://www.facebook.com/DianaNyad">Facebook</a>. At all hours, I would await a phone call with the latest news to share. Being the #1 trending topic on Twitter was a heavy cross to bear! Luckily, I had <a href="http://www.chatterblast.com/">many</a> <a href="http://brass9.com/">friends</a> supporting me in this herculean effort.<br />
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<a href="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2011/12/04/magazine/04nyad3_span/04nyad-articleLarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="464" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2011/12/04/magazine/04nyad3_span/04nyad-articleLarge.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Alas, Diana was stung twice by deadly box jellyfish and yet continued to swim towards her dream, until the poison forced her to abandon the swim. But quit is a word not in Diana's vocabulary. In about a month, Diana will once again set off for Cuba to make her swim across the ocean, at the youthful age of 62. When I speak to her, there is no doubt that this time she will make it. And I could not be prouder to be a part of her team.<br />
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Rivka Galchen has written an <a href="http://diananyad.com/profile-in-elle-magazine-the-hunger-by-rivka-galchen/">amazing profile of Diana in this month's issue of Elle Magazine</a>. If you have ever faced a seemingly impossible challenge, take a moment to read Diana's story and be inspired to live your life with no regrets, and pursue your goals with passion and determination.Alexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01914365381945105115noreply@blogger.com0